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Adv Repro Techniques Final

Terms in this set (54)

Mare estrus length
4-7 days
Mare diestrus length
-14-17 days
-CL present
Most easily manipulated phase of the estrous cycle
When does ovulation occur in the mare?
Prior to the end of behavioral estrus
How to shorten diestrus in the mare
PGF2a:
-lutalyse
-estrumate
Edema in the mare uterus is indicative of...
estrus
Grading edema
BE CONSISTENT
-Trace, mild, moderate, heavy
-Trace, 1, 2, 3
Inducing ovulation in the mare
-Deslorelin or hCG when the follicle is >/= 35mm and uterine edema is present
When will the mare ovulate after proper administration of ovulation inducing drugs?
36-48 hrs
Maternal recognition of pregnancy in the mare
movement/bouncing of conceptus/ embryo throughout the uterus
Considerations when performing rectal palpation in the mare...
-BE GENTLE
-Can cause life threatening injury, more fragile then cattle
- Stock vs Doorway- dependent on temperament of mare, comfort of palpator, handler
-Purpose: examination of repro system, colic exam
What structures are evaluated in a repro rectal palpation?
-cervix
-uterus
-oviduct
-ovaries
Location of mare ovaries
lateral and slightly dorsal to uterine horn
Grossly, how does the mare ovary differ from the cow's?
-Inside out
-vessels visible on the outside of the ovary
-ovulation fossa visible
Stem cells should exhibit...
-self renewal properties: ability to divide and make identical copies of themselves
-Potency: ability to remain unspecialized, and able to serve as progenitor cells for multiple cell types
The four types of stem cells
-Embryonic stem cells
-Fetal stem cells
-Adult stem cells
-Induced/pluripotent stem cells
Embryonic stem cells
-Source: inner cell mass of blastocyst, somatic cell nuclear transfer
-Advantages: Pluripotent, can produce large amount of cells
- Disadvantages: bad rep, allogenic, potential to cause teratoma
Fetal stem cells
-Source: aborted fetus
-Advantage: greater potency than adult stem cells (not pluripotent), highly proliferative
-Disadvantage: risk of cancer
Adult stem cells
- multipotent, not pluripotent
-Sources: bone marrow, mesenchymal stem cells, umbilical cord stem cells
-Advantages: differentiate into mature/ functional cells, more readily available, safer
-Disadvantage: cancer risk, limited potency, limited evidence of ability to integrate into host tissue, immune reactions
Induced Pluripotent Stem cells
-Source: fibroblast-like cells infected with retrovirus with pluripotent genes
-Advantage: escape allogenic limitations,
no embryo needed
-Disadvantage: tetratoma, cancer, time consuming, expensive
Most useful type of stem cells to be used in stem cell therapy
Mesenchymal Stem cells
Cloning Definition
A number of different processes used to produce genetically identically copies of a biological entity.
Natural cloning
-monozygotic twins produced by embryo splitting inutero
-identical twins
Cloning as biotechnology
-Embryo splitting
-Somatic cell nuclear transfere
Issues with SCNT cloning
-Source
-Age, telomere length
-Methyl imprinting
-Alteration to gene expression
-Morphologic: Hydroallantois, enlarged placentomes, edematous chorioallantois, enlarged underdeveloped fetuses
What regulates the size of the foal in the mare?
-genetics
-environment (uterus size)
environment (uterus size)
Is an over conditioned or underconditioned mare more likely to dystocia?
Over conditioned
Is an over conditioned or underconditioned mare less likely to ovulate?
Underconditioned
How to get a mare to come out of anestrus
60 days under lights starting in December
When does the embryo enter the uterus?
Day 5
When should a recipient ovulate compared to the donor with TVA?
1-3 days after the donor
Cloned animals are subjected to LOS, what is LOS?
Large Offspring Syndrome
-Increased gestation
-oversized fetus
-increased placentome size
-hydroallantois
-hydroamnios
The most dangerous period for cloned animal, how to improve survival during this time
Intrapartum period
-24 hour monitoring
-induction of labor
C-section
Inducing Labor for cloned offspring in cows
-Triaminolone on day 276
-dexamethosone and cloprostenol day 283
C-section 24 hours after final induction
Must provide assistance to cloned offspring to ensure
-Respiration
-Thermoregulation
_mobility
_Nourishment by suckling
-Immunity
What to do if you suspect failure of passive transfer
administer 20mL/kg of bovine plasma or 40mL/kg of whole blood intravenously
Passive Transfer
-Must occur w/in 24 hr after birth
-best if given 2 Liter of colostrum w/in 2 hr after birth
-by 9 hr absorption decreased by 50%
What type of "breeders" are cats?
-Seasonally polyestrus
-long day breeders
-Induced ovulators
-spontaneous ovulation can occur
accessory sex glands in tom cat
-prostate and bulbourethral glands
-spines of penis are testosterone dependent
Initial Breeding Exam of Cat
-General Physical
-Repro- palpate abdomen, visualize external genitalia
-Ultrasound: ovaries, uterus
Signs of a successful breeding in a cat
The queen will roll around after breeding
Vaginal cytology of a receptive queen in estrus
70% cornified, often retain nucleus
Ovulation induction of queen
@ day 3 or 4 of estrus
-250-500 IU hCG IM
-25ug GnRH (deslorelin) IM
-insemenate 28-30 hrs later
What type of "breeders" are dogs?
-Monoestrous
-Non-seasonal
-Polytocous
-Spontaneous ovulators
When does pubertal estrus occur in the bitch?
6-14 months, the larger the breed the later she experiences estrus
Stages of the canine estrous cycle
-Proestrus
-Estrus
-Diestrus
-Anestrus
Proestrus in the bitch
-"coming into heat" lasts nine days
-serosanguinous discharge , turgid vulvar swelling
-will not permit mounting
Estrus in the bitch
-"in heat", lasts nine days
-color change of discharge
-vulva softens
-will permit mounting
Diestrus in the bitch
-"out of heat" last ~63 days
Anestrus in the bitch
-Reproductive quiescence, lasts 1-8 months
-late stage rise in estrogen primes brain and starts new cycle
Ovulation in the bitch
-Ovulates an immature oocyte (primary oocyte), meiosis resumes after ~48 hrs
-ovulation occurs over 24-36 hrs
Progesterone levels during important stages of the bitches cycles
-Anestrus: <1ng/mL
-LH surge: ~2 ng/mL
-Ovulation: 4-10 ng/mL
-Ovulation complete: >10ng/mL
How to Map estrus in the bitch
-LH surge
-2 days later: ovulation
-2 days later: peak fertile window (last 3 days)
Vaginal insemenation in the bitch
-Mavic catheter, fresh cooled semen deposited in the vagina
-Used with proven breeders
-discourage urination for 2 hours prior insemenation
Transcervical Insemenation
-TCI shunt system
- fresh cooled or frozen semen deposited into uterus
-high value breeding, or dogs with possible infertility
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