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Alterations in Neural Function

Terms in this set (19)

Parkinson Disease
- dopamine deficiency in basal ganglia
- motor impairment
- Lewy bodies: protein deposits in brain
- involuntary movement, lack of facial expression, drooling
Dementia
- progressive deterioration of mental function
- alzheimers, vascular dementia
- risk factors; genetics, stoke,
- manifestations: memory loss, cognitive changes
Seizures
- recurrent seizures
- abnormal/excessive electrical charges in the brain
- variation in how seizures present themselves in each person
- aura: impending sense that a seizure is coming
- post-ichtal phase: immediate time frame after the seizure when the patient is drowsy, fatigued, tired
- causes: idiopathic, cerebral injury, lesions, nutritional disorder
- symptoms: skeletal motor function, sensation, autonomic visceral function, behavior, consciousness
Meningitis
- inflammatory process within the meninges
- microbes will travel (abscess can result)
- presence of microbes causes inflammatory process
- Kernig (resistance to knee flexion when laying) and Brudzinski signs (flexion of neck --> flexion of hip and knee)
Basilar Skull Fracture
- fracture at the base of the skull
- CSF leakage from ears or nose
- S/S: raccoon sign and battle sign (bruising around eyes and behind ear respectively)
ICP
- Intracranial Pressure
- brain tissue, CSF, and blood
- normal = 0-15 mm Hg
- Monto-Kellie: if one increases, then the others must decrease in order to maintain a healthy ICP
brain injury manifestations
- altered levels of consciousness
- confusion
- impaired vision
- headache
- nausea/vomiting
- loss of memory
Stroke
- sudden onset of neurologic dysfunction caused by cardiovascular disease that results in an area of brain infarction
- risk factors are similar to atherosclerotic vascular diseases
- motor deficits, recovery with onset of spasticity
- paralysis, visual impairment, language deficits, cognitive deficits
- TIA, ischemic (most common form), hemorrhagic
Wernicke aphasia
sensory/acoustice/receptive, impaired audio comprehension, issue with fluency in speaking
Broca aphasia
verbal/motor expressive, poor articulation, sparse vocab
Intracranial hemorrhage
- acute bleeding inside skull/brain
- life-threatening
- Epidural: between dura and skull, rapid onset, "smile and die"
- Subdural: between dura and outer layer of arachnoid membrane, slower onset, prone to rebleeding
- Subarachnoid: between arachnoid membrane and pia mater, rupture of bridging veins or arteries, "thunder clap" headache
SCI
- Spinal cord injury
- result from trauma
- hyperflexion, hyperextension, compression
- at risk for secondary injury: hemorrhage, swelling, ischemia, inflammation
autonomic dysreflexia
- acute, reflexive response to SNS activation below level of injury
- common stimuli: full bladder or bowel, pain receptor activation below level of injury
- sudden onset of excessive high BP caused by SCI
- hypertension, headache, bradycardia
- flushing above injury, clammy below injury
spinal shock
- occurs immediately
- temporary loss of reflexes below injury
- ends when reflexes return and flaccidity --> spasticity
neurogenic shock
- occurs after SCI due to peripheral vasodilation
- hypotension, bradycardia, circulatory collapse
- high spinal cord injuries can affect respiratory muscles --> ventilatory failure
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