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Adult 2 - Exam 1 - Ch 21 and 22 - Visual and Auditory

Terms in this set (57)

20/200, 20
Definition of legal blindness:

Central visual acuity for distance of ___/____ or worse in the better eye (with correction)

Visual field no greater than ____ degrees in the widest diameter or in the better eye
keratitis
inflammation or infection of the cornea ; tissue loss from infection produces corneal ulcers; an untreated ulcer can result in corneal scarring and perforation
macular degeneration
Clinical Manifestations:

Blurred and darkened vision
can be unilateral or bilateral
open angle
What type of glaucoma is often referred to as the chronic glaucoma?
closed angle
Often reffered to as the acute type of glaucoma
mydriateics
dilate the pupil (for glaucoma)
miotics
constrict the pupil (for glaucoma)
glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure; optic nerve atrophy; decreased peripheral vision
POAG (primary open angle glaucoma)
develops slowly and without symptoms; IOP elevated 22-32
PACG (primary angle closure glaucoma)
causes sudden pain, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, ocular redness ; IOP elevated up to 50 or higher
chronic otitis media (and mastoiditis)
Clinical Manifestations: hearing loss, nausea, dizziness
ostoscelrosis
Hereditary autosomal dominant disease; spongy bone develops from the bony labyrinth; causes conductive hearing loss
Meniere's disease
Cause unknown
Excessive accumulation of endolymph
can have pallor, sweating, nausea, and vomiting
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
free-floating debris in the semi-circular canal ; occurs in response to a change in position
Acoustic Neroma
compression of CN VIII
protection, vision
The eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, lacrimal system, conductive, and sclera play an impt role in _____. WHereas the corna and extraocular muscles play an important role in _____.
intraocular pressure
Excess production or decreased outflow of acqueous humor can elevate _________ (normal 10-21)
refraction
the ability of the eye to bend light rays so that they fall on the retina
myopia
nearsightedness
hyperopia
farsightedness
astigmatism
caused by corneal unevenness, resulting in visual distortion
presbyopia
a loss of accommodation resulting in an inability to focus on near objects
peripheral
which system includes the external, middle and inner ear and is involved with sound reception and perception
central
Which system integrates and assigns meaning to what is heard, CN VIII, and auditory context
sound
the external and middle ear portions confuct and amplify ____ from the environment. Problems located iin these areas cause conductive hearing loss with changes in sound perception/sensitivity
hearing, balance
The inner ear functions in _____ and _____. Problems located in this area or along the nerve pathway from the brain can cause sensorineural hearing loss with changes in tone perception/sensitivity.
vestibular apparatus
The _______ ______ in the inner ear is critical to maintaining position sense and equilibrium.
Presbycusis (hearing loss)
can result from aging or unsults from a variet of sources; tinnitus may accomany this that results from the aging process
tuning fork (Rinne test, Weber test)
What tests aid in distibguising between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?
total blindess
no light perception and no usable vision
functional blindness
present when there is some light perception but no usable vision
hordeolum
infection of the sebaceous glands in the lid margin
chalazion
chronic inflammatory granuloma of meibomian (sebaceous) glands in the lid
blepharitis
common chronic bilateral inflammation of the lid margins
trachoma
preventable, chronic conjuctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachoma tis, which is transmitted mainly by hands and flies
acute bacterial conjuctivitis
pinkeye ; occurs initially in one eye and can spread rapidly to the unaffected eye; it is ususally self-limiting, but antibiotic drops shorten the course of the disorder
keratoconjuctivitis sicca
dry eyes; caused by a decrease in tear film; non infectious
strabismus
occurs when the eyes are unable to focus on an object simultaneously
corneal wounds
result in decrased transparency of the cornea; the growth of the cornea in keratoconus restults in its being cone shaped. Both may be corrected by lenses or surgery.
cataract
opacity within the lens

Symptoms: decreased vision, abnormal color perception, and glare

Removal is most common surgery for older adults
retinopathy
miscrovascular damage to the retina that can lead to blurred and progressive vision loss; often associated with diabetes and hypertension
nonproliferative diabetics retinopathy
characterized by capillary micro aneurysms, retinal swelling, and hard exudates. It may be treated with laser photocoagulation.
hypertensive retinopathy
caused by high blood pressure that creased blockages in retinal blood vessels; on exam: retinal hemorrhages and macula swelling are noted; sustained, severe hypertension can cause sudden visual loss with optic disc and nerve swelling ; treatment: lower BP
retinal detachment
a separation fo the retina and underlying epithelium with fluid accumulation between the two layers
retinal detachment
symptoms: light flashes, floaters, and/or rings in vision; once this occurs painless loss of peripheral or central vision occurs ; untreated results in blindness
AMD
the most common cause of irreversible central vision loss in older adults; family history is another strong predictor of risk
dry AMD
more common, with close vision tasks becoming more difficult. Atrophy of macular cells leads to slow, progressive, and painless vision loss
Wet AMD
more severel with rapid onset and development of abnormal blood vessels realted to the macula. Symptoms are: blurred, distorted, adn darkened vision with visual field blind sport
Uveitis
inflammation of the uveal tract, the retina, the vitreous body, or the optic nerve
CMV
is an oportunistic infection that occurs in immunosuppressed patietns
endophthalmitis
inflammation of the vitreous cavity
panophthalmitis
inflammation of the vitreous, retina, choroid, and sclera
enucleation
removal of the eye; usually done for a blind, painful eye as well as glaucoma, infection, or trauma; after wound is healed patient is fitted with prosthesis
external otitis
inflammation or infection of the auricle and ear canal epithelium caused by infection
acute otitis media
infection of the tympanum, ossicles, and space of the middle ear

Symptoms: pain, fever, malaise, and reduced hearing
chronic otitis media (and mastoiditis)
untreated or repeated attacks of acute otitis media in early childhood may lead to this;

symptoms: purulent exudate and inflammation that can involve the ossicles, eustachian tube, adn mastoid bone; often painless
acoustic neuroma
benign tumor in which cranial nerve VIII enters the internal auditory canal

early symptoms: tinnitus, vertigo, and progressive sensorineural hearing loss
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