Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

EXTRA~FINAL for NEURO (Emotions, Aggression, and Stress)

Terms in this set (99)

_____ is a subjective mental state usually accompanied by distinctive physiological changes
emotion
emotional states often activate the _____ _____ _____:

_____ _____ _____-"fight or flight" system; activated the body for action
_____ _____ _____- prepares the body to relax and recuperate
-autonomic nervous system

-sympathetic nervous system
-parasympathetic nervous system
the _____ _____ provides motor control for autonomic nervous system reactions
cingulate cortex
the _____ _____ is important in the expression of emotional states through gestures, posture, body language, basic movements

example: someone is scared they might be hiding or in a scared body position
cingulate cortex
the _____ _____ is used in conflict processing
anterior cingulate
the anterior cingulate is important in conflict processing, it has reciprocal projections with the _____ to monitor choices/outcomes
PFC
_____ _____ are mediated by muscles, cranial nerves, and CNS pathway s
facial expressions
there are two categories of facial expressions. name them.
superficial and deep facial muscles
_____ facial muscles attach to facial skin; cranial facial nerve 7
superficial
_____ facial muscles attack to skeletal structure in the head (such as the jaw); cranial trigeminal motor nerve 5
deep
facial muscles are innervated by _____ _____: the face nerve 7, and the motor branch of the trigeminal nerve 5
cranial nerves
real emotional expression are _____

-evidence provided by Duchenne's muscles
involuntary
_____ smiles show the contraction of mouth muscles
false
_____ smiles show contraction of muscles near the eyes
real
_____ emotional expressions require M1 (frontal lobe; PRECENTRAL GYRUS)

-"smile for the camera"
voluntary
damage to M1 causes _____ _____ _____; this is when an individual cannot have voluntary emotional expression

-can naturally laugh at a funny joke but cannot force a smile
volitional facial paralysis
_____ emotional expression requires subcortical structures

-limbic system (amygdala and hypothalamus)
spontaneous
damage to subcortical structures causes _____ _____ _____; this is the lack of ability to have spontaneous facial movements

-can force a smile but cannot naturally laugh
emotional facial paresis
_____ _____ _____ is when a sensory feedback from our facial expression can affect out mood

-example: forcing yourself to smile can actually make you feel happier
-"fake it till you make it"
facial feedback hypothesis
medical conditions can impair facial expressions, such as _____ _____ and _____ _____
Parkinson's disease and moebias syndrome
_____ _____ is a genetic condition characterized by underdevelopment of abducens 6 and facial cranial 7 nerves
moebius syndrome
in _____ _____ individuals have difficulty producing and recognizing emotion of other people
moebius syndrome
_____ _____ is caused by a virus and can cause partial facial paralysis

-not permeant
bells palsy
_____ _____ theory: autonomic reaction triggers feeling

-emotional state is due to physiological responses
-example= see a snake, heart is racing, then you feel scared

emotional stimulus--> physiological response--> emotional state
James-Lange
_____ _____ theory: feelings and autonomic reaction occur simultaneously

-no interpretation needed
-emotion and physiological activation occur at the same time
-example= see a snake and your heart races and you feel scared at the same time

emotional stimulus-->emotional state-->physiological response
Cannon-Bard
Schacter's _____ _____ _____ states that emotional labels (anger, joy, fear) are attributed to relatively nonspecific feelings of physiological arousal

-physiological arousal AND context clues
cognitive attribution model
Schanter's cognitive attribution model

•Study explanation: study pairing actor reactions (anger or euphoria) to injections of _____ influenced whether participant experienced anger or happiness

-study shows the context of environment matters
adrenaline
which emotion we experienced depends on _____ systems that assess the _____

-example= haunted house....if the people you are with are scared you will be scared/ if the people you are with are having fun or laughing then you will be too
-cognitive
-context
emotions require _____ of activation
networks
brain activation during sadness, happiness, fear, and anger show involvement of _____ brain regions
several
the _____ brain region may participate in different emotions
same
anterior cingulate, insula= _____ _____, but are highly implicated in emotions
pain regions
_____ responses preceded the awareness of feeling an emotion

-brain picks up emotion before you feel it or experience it
physiological
in general no one-to-one relation between a specific _____ and activity of a brain region
emotion
the _____ _____ is an interconnected area involved in emotional responses
limbic system
_____ monitors the internal environment
hypothalamus
_____ monitors the external environment
amygdala
_____ generates emotional states based on past experiences
hippocampus
_____ _____ produces physical emotional response./ expressions
cingulate gyrus s
_____ _____ produces physical feeling of emotion
insular cortex
_____ _____ represents motivation and reward
ventral striatum
_____ regulates sensory, subjective experiences of emotions
insula
the _____ produces whole body sensations that match emotional states
insula
the insula produces _____ _____ _____ that match emotional states
whole body sensations
the _____ _____ deals with complex, whole body sensations associated with emotions

-example= heart hurts when you are sad/ butterflies in stomach when happy

-anger
-sadness
-elation
-disgust
-sexual arousal
-anxiety
anterior insula
the _____ _____ deals with basic visceral sensations

-normal body sensations

-pain
-temperature
-fatigue
-itch
-pressure
-tension
posterior insula
the _____ contains several nuclei which influence reproductive, appetite, and agnostic behaviors
hypothalamus
the hypothalamus responds to _____ _____ and _____ _____
internal states and homeostatic drives
receptors in the bloodstream monitors the composition of the blood and report that to the _____
hypothalamus
-appetite and thirst
-heat dissipation
-heat conservation
-satiety
homeostatic functions
-predation
-anti predation
-defensive aggression
-offensive aggression
agnostic functions
-mate seeking
-nesting
-reproduction
-parenting
reproductive functions
the hypothalamus can affect internal state via three pathways

-an _____ output pathway simulates the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems
-a _____ pathway regulates hormone levels throughout the body
-a _____ pathway stimulates the forebrain to generate complex plans
-autonomic
-neuroendocrine
-motivational
the hypothalamus is the _____ _____ of the nervous system that brings together:

-_____ relevant stimuli
-_____ drives caused by these stimuli
-ability to _____ the internal state to respond to the stimuli
-frist level

-survival
-internal
-change
the ______ is a key structure in the mediation of fear, lesions abolish fear
amygdala
_____ _____ of the _____ is a major brain region for the emotions elected by aversive stimuli

-main processing area for fear information
central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)
the amygdala receives inputs from the _____ world
outside
sensory systems project to _____ nucleus of the amygdala

-main INPUT for the amygdala
basolateral
the _____ ______ of the _____ projects to the brainstem and spinal cord, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex

-amygdala OUTPUT
central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA)
_____ _____ sensory information from the thalamus goes directly to the amygdala and bypasses conscious processing which allows for immediate emotional reactions

-direct response
-gut réponse
low road
_____ _____ information is routed through the cortex, allowing for conscious processing

-confirms or denies response of fear
high road
neural mechanisms of fear conditioning are thought to play a role in _____ _____ _____

-heightened fear response from trauma
-low road responses
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
people with _____ damage to their amygdala show little to no fear in response to external threats

-do feel fear in response to epinephrine and hypoxia
-the brain must rely on other systems for internal threats
bilateral
patient S.M. had _____ _____ disease; this is when the amygdala is calcified thus preventing fear expression
Urbach-Wiethe
mesolimbic dopamine system is highly implicated in _____
pleasure
the mesolimbic dopamine system has cell bodies in _____ _____ _____ and projects to the _____ _____
-ventral tegmental area (VTA)
-nucleus accumbens (NAcc)
the mesolimbic dopamine system responds to _____ or _____ rewards
actual or expected
pleasure increases dopamine release into the _____
NAcc
_____ _____

-immediately rewarding/ naturally reinforcing
-increases survival
-food, water, psychoactive drugs trigger strong activation in NAcc
-no learning requires
primary reinforcers
fMRI data shows increased activation of _____ when given palatable or "high-inducing stimuli

-activation patterns were highest from primary reinforcers following periods of deprivation
NAcc
_____ and _____ may be primary reinforcers
music and humor
hearing your favorite song increases mesolimbic dopamine _____
release
_____ _____

-conditioned reinforcers
-learned value
-become reinforcing through associations
-money, grades, trophies, advertisements
secondary reinforcers
_____ in NAcc predicts how hard one will for to receive a reward (motivation)
dopamine
activation of _____ and _____ while performing tasks leads to secondary reinforcers
VTA and NAcc
_____ is taking pleasure in bad things happening to others

-rivalry
Schadenfreude
in Schadenfreude, the _____ is activated when rival loses

-high levels of dopamine are released into this area
Nacc
_____ and _____ _____ are activated when rivals win

-conflict and negative emotions
-activation of sympathetic nervous system
insula and cingulate cortex
non-dopaminergic "happiness" comes from the _____ _____; this is activated especially with good tastes, smell, and sensations
orbitofrontal cortex
many positive emotion inducing stimuli _____ activity in try amygdala

-suppresses amygdala when happy
decreases
different types of _____ activate different brain regions
jokes
_____ _____ _____ is activated by ALL different types of jokes
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC)
_____ _____ is activated by dirty jokes
orbitofrontal cortex
the _____ PFC and the _____ PFC supports active self regulation of emotions

-masks emotional expression
-regulates emotions
dorsolateral and ventrolateral
_____ prefrontal cortex is important in judgement about emotional states; gut instinct; decision making
ventromedial
brain imaging studies show a unique network of brain areas are responsible for the emotion of _____
love
love activates the _____ and _____ _____
insula and anterior cingulate
love decreases activity in the _____ _____
prefrontal cortex
_____ is mediated by complex interaction between cingulate cortex, amygdala, PFC, PAG, and insula
grief
_____ has sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system activation

-_____ is an arousing behavior that accompanied distress (sympathetic response)

-_____ is soothing that reduces arousal after distress
-increases sympathetic nervous system activation prior to _____ (parasympathetic response)
crying
_____ _____ are located in the premotor cortex of the frontal lobe
mirror neurons
mirror neurons receive INPUT from the _____ lobe and the _____ _____ _____
-temporal lobe
-posterior parietal cortex
mirror neurons are activated in response to _____ _____ in others
facial expressions
when we see a facial expression of an emotion we _____ imagine ourselves making that expression
unconsciously
mirror neurons are involved in learning to _____ actions of others and _____ with emotions of other people
-imitate
-empathize
_____ _____ is when someone's desire mimics that of another
mimetic desire
2 systems are involved in mimetic desire. name them.
-mirror system
-valuation system
mirror systemhas mirror neurons in _____ _____ and _____ _____
premotor cortex and parietal lobe
_____ _____ is the reward and motivation regions including the medial prefrontal cortex and the NAcc
valuation system
Sets found in the same folder