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AP psych

Terms in this set (44)

Jeremy wears his baseball cap backward because he noticed his older brother does so. This illustrates the importance of
modeling
Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model
whether the model is rewarded or punished
Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of
mirror neurons
In a well-known experiment, preschool children pounded and kicked a large inflated bobo doll that an adult had just beaten on. This experiment served to illustrate the importance of
observational learning
In his classic study. Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a bobo doll
imitated the adult's actions.
Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does
After prolonged exposure to television violence, viewers became more indifferent to violence when later viewing a brawl, whether on TV or in real life. This finding best illustrates
desensitization
Children of abusive parents often learn to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of
observational learning
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that
There is at least some evidence that viewing violence causes children to behave aggressively
A child who is punished for swearing at home but reinforced for swearing on the school playground is most likely to demonstrate a patterned habit of swearing that is indicative of
discrimination
A Skinner box is a/an
chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.
A trainer wants to train a chicken to peck a key to obtain food. If she wants the chicken to learn this trick quickly and the behavior to be resistant to extinction, she should use ________ reinforcement until the response is mastered and then follow with a period of ________ reinforcement.
continuous; partial
A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a
positive punishment
B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called
law of effect
Because Mandisa always picked up her newborn daughter when she cried, her daughter is now a real crybaby. In this case, picking up the infant served as a/an ________ for crying.
positive reinforcer
Coffee shops that reward customers with one free cup of coffee after every ten coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.
fixed ratio
Despite the painful hangovers that follow his use of alcohol, Boris continues to drink because just a couple of drinks begin to reduce his anxiety. His continued drinking most clearly illustrates the power of
immediate reinforcement
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
shaping
Four-year-old Della asks her mother for a special treat every time they go to the grocery store. At first her mother granted every request, but now she does so less consistently. Research suggests that Della will
continue to ask for a treat nearly every time she goes to the store
Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
negative
Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of
operant conditioning
Marvin happens to wear a red shirt when he takes a test he expects to fail. Surprisingly, he does well on the test, so he wears the red shirt every time he takes a test. Which of the following explains Marvin's superstitious behavior?
Any behavior that is accidentally reinforced is more likely to be repeated
Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because
the use of punishment could condition children to fear and avoid school.
Two years ago, the de Castellane Manufacturing Company included its employees in a profit-sharing plan in which workers receive semi-annual bonuses based on the company's profits. Since this plan was initiated, worker productivity at de Castellane has nearly doubled. This productivity increase is best explained in terms of
operant conditioning
Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.
variable interval
What is the difference between a primary and a conditioned reinforcer?
Primary reinforcers are unlearned and innately satisfying; conditioned reinforcers are learned.
Which of the following behaviors is typically reinforced on a variable-ratio schedule?
inserting coins into a slot machine
Which of the following is true of positive and negative reinforcers?
Positive reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding; negative reinforcers increase the rate of operant responding.
After repeatedly taking alcohol spiked with a nausea-producing drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversive reaction to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.
cognitive processes
Children learn to fear spiders more easily than they learn to fear flowers. This best illustrates the impact of ________ on learning.
biological predispositions
Dan and Joel, both 4-year-olds, have been watching reruns of "Superman" on television. Joel's mother recently found the boys standing on the garage roof, ready to try flying. What best accounts for the boys' behavior?
observational learning
Experiments suggest that children exposed to a model who says one thing and does another will
talk in ways consistent with what the model says and act in ways consistent with what the model does
In his classic study, Albert Bandura found that children exposed to an adult model who behaved aggressively by beating up a Bobo doll
imitated the adult's actions.
In the long run, people who practice self-regulation through physical exercise and time-managed programs experience an increase in
self-control
Learned helplessness is MOST likely to be associated with
an external locus of control
Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________.
intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation
Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that
viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively
Paula expects that diligent study will enable her to earn good grades on her tests. Paula's belief best illustrates
an internal locus of control
Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?
insight learning
Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine
intrinsic motivation
Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of
mirror neurons
Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called
cognitive maps
The perception that one's fate is determined by luck reflects
an external locus of control
Which of the following factors most influences whether we will imitate a model?
whether the model is rewarded or punished
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