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FINAL Neuro (Language and Lateralization)

Terms in this set (150)

left and right hemispheres of the brain are nearly _____ _____ of one another

-do not function independently
-hemispheres are NOT identical
mirror images
true or false: the left and right hemispheres function independently?
fasle
true or false: the left are NOT identical?
true
left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected by the _____ _____
corpus callosum
the corpus callosum consists of bundles of _____ _____
myelinated axons
the corpus callosum allows for rapid communication and integration of _____/_____ information
sensory/motor
_____ is hemisphere specialization
lateralization
_____ is implicated in lateralization
handedness
_____-_____% of the population if left handed
10-15%
most information about lateralization comes from _____ _____ data
right handed
which hemisphere has the following for dominance:

-words/letters
-language sounds
-complex movements/ipsilateral movement
-verbal memory; finding meaning in memories
-speech, writing, reading, arithmetic
left hemisphere
which hemisphere has the following for dominance:

-faces, geometric patterns, emotional expression
-non-language sounds, music
-tactile patterns such as braille
-movement in spatial patterns
-nonverbal memory, perceptual aspects of memories
-emotional context
-mental rotation of shapes, geometry, direction, distance
right hemisphere
which hemisphere:

-verbal abilities
-analysis of sequences
left hemisphere
which hemisphere:

-spatial cognition, puzzles, drawing
-faces, geometric shapes and relations, direction and navigation, #d rotation of imaginary objects
-organized narrative
-understanding prosody
right hemisphere
what is emotional tone of voice?
prosody
in the left brain/ right brain _____ there is NO evidence links 1 brain hemisphere to personality traits/ strengths

-(such as being creative or analytical
fallacy
the following steps are techniques for what?

-injections of anesthetic sodium amytal into the carotid artery, via a catheter
-temporarily shuts down the cerebral hemisphere on the same side, there by revealing the functions performed by that hemisphere
techniques for determining lateralization in the brain
techniques for determining lateralization in the brain

-injections of _____ _____ _____ into the carotid artery, via a catheter
-temporarily shuts down the _____ _____ on the same side, there by revealing the functions performed by that hemisphere
-anesthetic sodium amytal
-cerebral hemisphere
the Wada testshows hemispheric dominance and was first used on people who had _____ as a type of surgery
epilepsy
the Wada Test uses an injection of fast acting sedative sodium amytal into the _____ _____ unilaterally
carotid artery
the Wada Test uses _____ anesthesia (stimulates a stroke)
ipsilateral
the Wada Test uses ipsilateral anesthesia to stimulate a stroke in order to assess the _____ hemisphere

-helps determine "language dominant" hemisphere
contralateral
in the Wada Test, injections into dominant speech hemisphere makes the patent go temporarily _____

-this usually occurs in the _____ hemisphere
-mute
-left
rarely, language is lateralized to the _____ hemisphere; these individuals are usually _____ _____
-right
-left handed
injections into non-dominant speech hemisphere shows _____ changes in speech
negligible
the _____ hemisphere is specialized for spoken language
left
_____ _____ is a test that presents sounds to each ear simultaneously ask participant to identify BOTH sounds
dichotic présentation
right ear advantage is when right handed people identify verbal stimuli delivered to the _____ ear better than to the _____ ear
-right
-left
______% of left handed participants in a dichotic presentation test show reversed pattern or no difference between ears
50%
the left hemisphere is _____ for spoken language
specialized
verbal information presented to the _____ ear is processed by the left auditory cortex and then passed directly to speech systems within the _____ hemisphere
-right ear
-left hemisphere
verbal information presented to the _____ ear is first processed by the right auditory cortex, but then is transmitted to speech systems in the _____ hemisphere
-left ear
-left hemisphere
the _____ _____ is when briefly (less than 150ms) presents visual stimuliI to the left or right half of the visual field

-"Ta-KISS-toe-scope"
Tachistoscope test
_____ _____ (words/letters) presented to RIGHT visual field (left hemisphere) recognized more accurately than when presented to the LEFT visual field (right hemisphere)
verbal stimuli
_____ _____ _____ (faces/shapes) presented to the LEFT visual field (right hemisphere) recognized more accurately than presented to the RIGHT visual field (left hemisphere)
non-verbal stimuli
_____ _____ is the superior surface of the temporal lobe and is larger in the left hemisphere in most brains %90
planum temporale
the planum temporale is the superior surface of the temporal lobe and is larger in the _____ hemisphere in most brains %90
left
the planum temporale includes parts of _____ _____ which is crucial for speech

-asymmetry evident even before substantial experience with speech
Wernicke's area
_____ activates the right hemisphere more than the left
music
music perception is impaired by damage to the _____ hemisphere
right
only damage to ____ hemispheres can abolish music perception
both
_____ ______ is associated with the left hemisphere
perfect pitch
measurements of the left planum temporale are largest in musicians with _____ _____ and smallest in nonmusicians
perfect pitch
perfect pitch is in which hemisphere?
left
even with the left hemisphere "asleep" participants _____ themselves in the composite
recognize
but when the _____ hemisphere is anesthetized, participants usually see the celebrity face in the composite

-participants do NOT recognize themselves
right
right hemisphere is essential for _____ _____
face discrimination
in _____ or face blindness, people fail to recognize familiar faces, including their own
prosopagnosia
bilateral damage8 to the _____ _____ (posterior temporal lobe) causes complete prosopagnosia*
fusiform gyrus
shutting down the _____ hemisphere in the Wada Test can cause difficulty in recognizing faces, especially recognizing ones own face
right
split brain is when the _____ _____ is severed to separate left and right brain hemispheres
corpus callosum
split brain is a treatment for _____ or seizures
epilepsy
the split brain procedure causes no major _____ or cognitive deficits
behavioral
split brain patients can perform two different tasks _____
simultaneously
individuals testing left or right side of visual or auditory fields show large differences in _____
perception
split brain patients can verbally describe a stimulus presented to the _____ visual field (which projects to the left hemisphere of the brain
right
split brain patients cannot describe a stimulus presented to the _____ visual field

-projects to the non verbal hemisphere so therefore there is no way to verbally communicate
left
a patient can _____ what was on the right side of the screen, but can _____ the word on the left side of the screen only by touch with the left hand
-say
-identify
_____ is the sound output meant to convey meaning

-produces sound waves
speech
_____ is the ability to translate our ideas into signals for another person
language
_____ is the ability to convert meaning (transmission of information) to others
communication
_____ are basic speech sounds
phonemes
_____ are simple units of meaning
morphemes
_____ are meanings of words or sentences
semantics
_____ are grammatical rules for constructing phrases and sentences
syntax
_____ are context in which a speech sound is uttered
pragmatics
_____ are entirely novel words (non-words)
neologism
_____ is impaired ability to understand or produce language

-typically caused by brain injury (stroke)
aphasia
25-50% of stroke patients experience _____
aphasia
90% of aphasia cases are due to damage to the _____ cerebral hemisphere
left
_____ is the substitution of word/s by a sound, incorrect word, unintended word, or neologism
paraphasia
language requires complex networks of brain regions to:

-_____ spoken and written language
-_____ spoken and written language
-understand
-produce
written language uses the primary _____ cortex
visual
_____ _____ transforms visual information into auditory
angular gyrus
_____ _____ has axon fibers that connect Werrnicke's and Broca's areas
arcuate fasciculus
spoken language uses the primary _____ cortex
motor
information about the sound is analyzed by the primary _____ cortex and transmitted to Wernicke's area
auditory
_____ _____ analyzes the sound information to determine the word that was said
Wernicke's area
under the connectionist model spoken word information is transmitted via the _____ _____
arcuate faciculus
_____ _____ forms a motor plan to repeat the word and sends that information to the motor cortex
Broca's area
the _____ _____ implements the plan, manipulating the larynx and related structures to say the word
motor cortex
the visual cortex analyzes the image and transmits the information about the image to the _____ _____
angular gyrus
the angular gyrus decodes the image information to recognize the word and associate this visual form with the spoken form in _____ _____
Wernicke's area
information about the visual image word information is transmitted via the _____ _____ to the Broca's area
arcuate fasciculus
_____ _____ formulates a motor plan to say the appropriate word and transmits that plan to the motor cortex for implementation
Broca's area
the motor cortex implements the plan, manipulating the _____ and relates structures to say the word
larynx
lesions of the _____ _____ disrupt the transfer from Wernicke's area to Broca's area, so the patient has difficulty repeating spoken words (conduction aphasia)
arcuate fasciculus
a patient with _____ _____ has difficulty repeating spoken words
conduction aphasia
a lesion of the _____ _____ disrupts the flow of information from visual cortex, so the person has difficulty saying words he has seen but not the words he has heard
angular gyrus
the _____ _____ consists of Wernicke's area and Broca's area
dorsal stream
the ______ _____ consists of the auditory cortex
ventral stream
Wernicke's --> premotor cortex

-_____ _____, word repetition
speech production
Wernicke's--> Broca's

-_____
grammar
auditory cortex--> Broca's

-_____ sounds and extracting meaning
-where did that sound come from
-what was the sound
processing
_____ _____ is located in ventral/posterior frontal lobe of the dominant hemisphere

-typically LEFT hemisphere
-deals with speech production
-speech motor plan generation
-contains memories of the sequences of muscular movements needed to articulate words
Broca's area
_____ _____ is caused by lesions to the Broca's area

-causes expressive aphasia because patients have difficulty expressing language
-written is equally impaired
-language comprehension is generally intact
-normally have reflexive words like yes/no, numbers, cursing
Broca's aphasia
Broca's aphasia is also called _____ aphasia

-patients have a hard time with language
expressive
in Broca's aphasia _____ language is equally impaired
written
in Broca's aphasia language _____ is generally intact
comprehension
the _____ mediates motor aspects of speech production, specifically articulatory control

-shares reciprocal functional and structural connections with linguistic, motor, limbic and sensory brain areas
insula
_____ _____ is located on the left superior temporal gyrus

-junction of the parietal and temporal lobes
-speech comprehension
Wernicke's area
_____ _____ _____ results from damage to Wernicke's area

-patient have difficulty comprehending language
-fluent speech sounds but nonsensical and jumbled words
-contains paraphasia
fluent Wernicke's aphasia
_____ are replacement words that no do fit into a normal sentence
paraphasias
_____ _____ is a bundle of axons connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area
arcuate fasciculus
_____ _____ is when there is damage to arcuate fasciculus usually paired with damage to supra marginal gyrus in the parietal cortex

-Broca's and Wernicke's areas are spared

symptoms:
-difficultly repeating words
-paraphasic errors
-errors during spontaneous speech
conduction aphasia
supra marginal gyrus is implicated in ability to _____ words with meaning
link
the _____ _____ is found in the inferior parietal lobe

-involved in language and number processing, memory, and reasoning
-highly important for being able to make sense of the meaning and content of written words
angular gyrus
lesions affecting the _____ _____ disconnect the systems involved in visual and auditory language

-patients can speak and understand but have difficulty reading aloud
-dyslexia (word blindness)
angular gyrus
the _____ _____ is the inner voice

-this regions helps to draw meaning of letters
angular gyrus
the angular gyrus is found in the _____ _____ _____
inferior parietal lobe
the angular gyrus is involved in language and number _____ and reasoning

-highly important for being able to make sense of the meaning and content of written words
processing
the _____ _____ is highly important for being able to make sense of the meaning and content of written words
angular gyrus
lesions affecting the angular gyrus disconnect the systems involved in _____ and _____ language
visual auditory
lesions to the angular gyrus results in: patients can speak and understand but have difficulty _____ aloud

-dyslexia (word blindness)
reading
_____ is word blindness

-has more than one origin
-issue with visual to auditory message
dyslexia
dyslexia is a _____ disorder characterized by reading difficulty
developmental
people with _____ have difficulty spelling words, reading quickly, writing words, pronouncing words
dyslexia
dyslexia is not due to a _____ problem or _____ impairment
sensory or intellectual
brains rely on two language systems while reading:

-one focuses on _____ of letters (phonology)
-one focuses on _____ of whole words (semantics)

-people with dyslexia often lack connection between the two systems
-sounds of letters
-meaning of whole words
dyslexia is associated with problems in the _____ hemisphere language areas
left
people with dyslexia have _____ activity in Wernicke's area & angular gyrus compared with fluent readers
less
dyslexia results in changes in the physical structure of _____ _____ axons between language areas
temporo-parietal
in dyslexia, compensatory activity in the left anterior language areas, Broca's area, and the _____ hemisphere
right
brains of dyslexics show unusual arrangements of cortical cells. name the two types.
micropolgyria and ectopias
_____ is small regions of excessive number of gyri

-too many folds present
micropolygyria
_____ are clusters of cells in unusual places

-interfere with normal function
ectopasia
speech production is associated with activation of face areas and hand areas in the _____ _____
motor cortex
speech perception activates specific regions involved with speech production in _____ _____

-"are the sounds im hearing speech sounds"
-"is this a normal sound or a speech sound"
Broca's area
_____ and _____ are processed in different parts of the brain
nouns and verbs
nouns (person, place, or thing) are processed in the _____ _____ _____ lobe
left anterior temporal
verbs (action words) are processed in the _____ _____ _____
left premotor cortex
language conveys more than simple words denoting objects or action, it can also convey _____ _____
abstract concepts
more subtle, figurative aspects of language involve the _____ _____

-this is the implications of words
right hemisphere
_____ or _____ _____ examples would include "people in glass houses shouldn't throw stones"

-processed by right hemisphere
metaphors or moral stories
studies by Nichelli et al. (1995) and Sotillo et al. (2005) found that evaluating the moral of Aesops Fables, or comprehension of metaphors activated the same regions. what are they?
RIGHT superior temporal cortex
Broca's area is located in the _____ _____
frontal lobe
Wernicke's area is located in the _____ _____
temporal lobe
the insula is located in the folded cortex in the _____ _____
temporal lobe
global aphasia is caused by widespread _____
stokes
_____ _____ is total or near total loss of ability to understand language or to speak, read or write
global aphasia
global aphasia results from large _____ _____ lesions affecting ALL language zones

-•Broca's area, Wernicke's area, Arcuate Fasciculus, Insula
left hemisphere
symptoms of global aphasia are similar to _____ Broca's Wernicke's and conduction aphasia together

loss of:
•*Language comprehension
•Speech production
•repetition*
combining
the prognosis for global aphasia for language _____ is very poor

-far less Miley to regain language ability
recovery
_____ _____ _____ is produced by damage that extends beyond Wernicke's area
transcortical sensory aphasia
_____ _____ _____ is involved in interchanging information between auditory representation of words and the meanings of these words stored as memories in sensory association cortex
posterior language area
damage to the _____ _____ _____ alone produces transcortical sensory aphasia
posterior language area
the different between transcortical sensory area (TSA) and Wernicke's:

-people with TSA can _____ what they hear, therefore they are PERCEIVING words- but they cannot comprehend the meaning of what they heard and repeated

-Wernicke's *cannot* *repeat* because they cannotrepeate's *cannot* *repeat* because they cannot _____ speech
-repeat
-perceive
a direct connection between Wernicke's area and Broca's area _____ patients with transcortical sensory aphasia to _____ words they cannot understand
-enables
-repeat
_____ _____ _____ is caused by damage to the posterior language area

-patients cannot understand the meaning of words but can repeat them
transcortical sensory aphasia
_____ _____ is caused by damage to Wernicke's area and posterior language area

-patients can neither understand the meanings of words nor repeat them
Wernicke's aphasia
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