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NB Lecture 72: Memory and Amnesias

Terms in this set (44)

What are the 2 types of memories?
Declarative (Explicit)

Procedural (Implicit)
-Like muscle memory
Declarative (explicit) memory involves ........... and .............

Procedural (implicit) memory involves ............., ............... and ...............
Facts and Events
-Facts = semantic memory
-Events = episodic memory

Skills and Habits

Conditioning
By removing the Hippocampus (as in the case of H.M) ONLY the ................... memory was affected, while the ...................... memory remained intact as evidenced by the ...................... task

This tell us that the hippocampus plays a major role in the formation of ......................
Declarative (explicit)
ie Facts and Events

Procedural (Implicit)
ie Skills/habits, priming and conditioning

Mirror tracing
-Test in which the person must trace the outline of a figure by looking in a mirror; is considered a test of skill-learning and implicit/procedural memory
-HM had the ability to learn a new skill which means that procedural memory was intact

Declarative memory
Types of Memory (HM's brain)
Both Hippocampus are missing due to bitemporal lobe removal
-As a result, HM had anterograde amnesia
What are the 3 Stages of Memory formation?
1- Encoding

2- Consolidation

3- Retrieval
The Process of Memory formation starts with gathering ............. input and forming ........... memory

This memory is ................. into ..........-......... memory

This memory then undergoes .................. to form ............... memory
Sensory

Sensory

Encoded

Short-term (working)

Consolidation

Long term
............. happens during REM sleep
Synaptic pruning

-Process of removal of synapses via LDT (refreshing)

This is important as we don't want to/have to remember little details about our day to day
The .............. process is involved in maintaining information in the short term memory

The process of getting information out of Long term memory storage is referred to as .................
Rehearsal

Retrieval
Retrograde amnesia is the ........... to retrieve information from ...................., meaning ..................

In Retrograde Amnesia what is the Temporal gradient?
Inability

Events that occurred prior to the trauma

Loss of memory from the past

The closer the memories are to the point of trauma the more memory that would be lost
Anterograde amnesia is the ............ to form .........................
Inability

New memories after a trauma

Retrograde and Anterograde They are not exclusive ie patients with retrograde amnesia have some form of anterograde amnesia and vice versa
Infantile amnesia is when .............. events cannot be recalled
Early childhood

This is because at this point, the hippocampus was not well formed/less myelination was available
Transient global amnesia occurs typically in ............ (population) where ................ events, and information can only be remembered for ....................

Normally all other functions are not impaired

What are some possible causes?
Older men

Recent ie Anterograde

A few minutes

Possible causes: TIA (transient ischemic attack), basilar artery migraine, physical or psychic stress

Typically recovers!!!!
Dissociative amnesia is the .............. and .............. inability to recall .....................
Sudden

Extensive

Important personal information (autobiographical information), usually of a traumatic or stressful nature

It is a psychological reaction!!!!
Ex. after witnessing a severe accident or crime
The diagnostic criteria for dissociative amnesia includes ......................., which doesn't occur due to another disorder

Memory loss can be of what 3 categories?
Memory loss for autobiographical information

1. Localized
-Total loss of personal memory during a circumscribed period

2. Selective
-Some (but limited) recall of personal memories during a circumscribed period of time

3. Generalized
-Loss of personal memory of entire life up to and including event
Wernicke-Korsakoff Amnesia (............. amnesia) is caused by .............. in patients with .....................

What are the 3 symptoms mentioned?
Diencephalic
-Involves the thalamus, mammillary bodies and the fornix

Thiamine deficiency

Alcohol abuse

Symptoms:
1. Confusion
2. Confabulation -> person's memory are unconsciously filled with fabricated, misinterpreted, or distorted information
3. Severe memory impairment
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