Scheduled maintenance: Wednesday, February 8 from 10PM to 11PM PST
Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

Human Trafficking Final

Terms in this set (136)

how Japanese society views prostitution generally
Affluence of south korea and japan allows women to be imported for sex, entitlement, using children for sex is to avoid aids
The role of children in traditional asian families
Filial piety, individuals especially children will do whatever is necessary to help their families
the ways that chinese marriage practices impact HT
Higher value of girls to have sex with because there are more boys. Forced marriages
countries in northeast Asia
Japan, North and South Korea, China
Cultural beliefs about virginity in Cambodia
Sleeping with a virgin will make you look younger, will cure aids
The impact of the Vietnam war on the Sex industry in general (specifically the Phillipines)
Military bases created mass demand for sex
The ways that political instability has influenced trafficking practices
Transition from communism caused social dislocation, extensive conflict, poor border controls, widespread corruption
How the economic impact of the sex industry shapes the Government's response to human trafficking
o Sex industry is viewed as a major source of developmental capital, especially for poor nations
Southeast Asian countries
Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines
South Asian countries
India, Bangladesh, Pakistan
The way that poverty impacts trafficking in this region and common types of labor exploitation
o Organized crime uses women to recruit and run brothels
o Forced marriages and life-long debt bondage
The origin, nature and impact of the caste system in India
Developed from British colonial rule, determined social worth based on purity, job, moral worth
characteristics of the caste system
§ Segmented society into groups whose membership was determined by birth
§ Hierarchal system based on perceived worth
§ Resrictions on social interaction, with minute rules even on the kind of food that upper castes could accept from lower castes
§ Segregation by caste
§ Established a person's occupation (generally inherited)
§ Restrictions on marrying a person outside your caste
· How the collapse of the Soviet Union impacted human trafficking
o Before the collapse: stable government, secure borders, predictable economy, jobs, social safety net
o After the collapse: civil unrest, weak borders, economic chaos, unemployment, no safety net, more corruption, organized crime
The 'Natasha's
o Prostitutes from Russia and Ukraine are called natashas, the most popular and valuable women in the sex industry
· Reasons why the author of our main text book is pessimistic about the success of future efforts to fight human trafficking in this part of the world
o No tradition of individual freedom or personal rights, limited investigative media to expose and publicize the problem, anti-trafficking laws are weak, police don't have the resources or training to do complex investigations, significant corruption, few meaningful witness protection programs, no political will to address the problem
Europe's role supporting the slave trade over several centuries
European countries were the main facilitators of the slave trade to the 'new world'
Factors that facilitate trafficking in europe
o Affluence of Europe
o Need for Unskilled Labor and women willing to work in the sex industry
o Poverty outside Europe
o Instability in Eastern Europe
o Open Borders and strong transportation system make it easy to move around
o Lightly guarded coastlines
· Major issues that will impact Europe generally and human trafficking in particular in the years ahead
o Brexit and the future of the EU
o Terrorism (greater police powers, checkpoints and restricted movement)
o Flood of refugees from Syria (overwhelming local ability to absorb, anti-immigrant backlash, fear that refugees are or could be become terrorists)
· Reasons why researchers often think of Latin America and Africa together for the purpose of studying human trafficking
Economic, Social, Legal, Historical and Political
Economic reasons why LA and Africa are considered together
o extreme poverty, children living in the street. Permanent unemployment, limited sanitation, clean water and medical care
Social reasons why LA and Africa are considered together
high birth rates, deep social divisions, severe gender discrimination, large % of the population is young with limited education
Legal reasons why LA anf African are considered together
few if any laws against HT, few if any legal guarantees of basic human rights
Historical and political reasons why LA and Africa are considered together
lingering cultural damage from the colonial era, political instability and civil conflict
the origins and nature of the slave trade in LA and Africa
o Ruthless suppression of indigenous people
o Widespread slavery and indentured servitude
o Looted natural resources
o Introduced smallpox, measles, and typhus to populations with no resistance
o Imposed authoritatian style of government that has carried over to the present
o Did not train or leave behind skilled bureaucrats
Factors that contribute to high rates of trafficking in LA and Africa
Economic, social, legal and historical and political
Main forms of trafficking LA and Africa
Trafficking of Albino body parts, child labor on cocoa farms
· The nature of juju and its role in human trafficking
o Juju means plaything
o "a spiritual belief system incorporating objects such as amulets and spells in religious practice as part of witchcraft in west Africa"
o Used to manipulate children to obey their traffickers and not tell police
how traffickers most commonly use children
soldiers, sex, illegal adoption, labor
· The historical roots of trafficking (Native Americans, the African slave trade, and the exploitation of immigrants) in the US
o Slavery (colonial era-1865)
o European migration of indentured servants (19th century)
o Chinese coolies and coerced sex workers 1880s
o Use of Mexicans to work in southwestern mines 1930s
o White slave trade (early 20th century)
· The diversity and extent of American trafficking
o American-born minors, Native
o Americans, Asian brides, Chinese laborers, sex
o trafficked foreigners, Hmong refugees and illegal
o workers procured by legitimate employers
· Ways in which trafficking in the U.S. differs from the way it is done elsewhere
o History of slavery within our borders
o Higher birth rates
o Greater mobility
o Greater drug abuse problem
o Presence of large criminal gangs with national chapters
o Impact of organized religion
o Higher reliance on technology
The midwest
Wide range of trafficking including prostitution at highway truck stops; diverse victims (American born minors, native americans, Asian brides); MN has an international harbor where Native American girls are take to service the sailors
the South
o Legacy of slavery and indentured servitude; fewer resources spent on education and social services, thus putting more people at risk of exploitation; many military bases that have attracted nearby brothels; construction following Hurricane Katrina resulted in extra exploitation; Atlanta, New Orleans And DC are major hubs.
The Southwest: largest point
The southwest
largest point of entry for illegal immigrants, labor trafficking is most common; Dallas, Houston and Phoenix are hubs for sex trafficking
the west
o 4 of 13 identified centers of child trafficking are in California and Nevada
§ California: Most populous state in US, Hollywood, the entertainment industry, sports and conventions attract tourists, money and sex
§ Nevada: the state's economy is built on sex and gambling, prostitution is only legal in some rural counties, common in Las Vegas, legitimate business that pay taxes benefit from sex tourism
the northeast and mid-atlantic
greatest concentration of large cities in US, ethnically diverse with victims from all over the world, urban proximity allows victims to be moved easily
The Blue Campaign
o HS voice for combatting HT. Strives to protect the basic right of freedom and to bring those who exploit human lives to justice
Businesswomen who have run successful prostitution rings (
o Xaviera Hollander, Sidney Biddle Barrows, Heidi Fleiss
· The difference between transnational and international crime
o Transnational crime is carried out by private actors and is not subject to public international law
the power and control wheel
o Using coercion and threats
o Using intimidation
o Using economic abuse
o Using male privilege
o Using children
o Minimizing, denying and blaming
o Using isolation
o Using emotional abuse
Business models
Terror model, trade and development model, natural resource model, violent entreprenuer model, american pimp model, supermarket model, traditional slavery model with modern technology model
Terror model (revolutionary groups)
o used by revolutionary groups to raise cash or seize people to sell or use in prisoner exchanges. Strategy: kidnap as many people as they can manage. No advertising, long-term investment or elaborate schemes to move people across borders
trade and development model (chinese)
common model used by chinese, mostly used to smuggle men for labor exploitation, tightly integrated, organization keep control of entire operation, strong bookkeeping, Debt bondage used to control workers, need to keep workers healthy so they can work, fairly easy to control because traffickers know and are in a position to threaten relatives in china
natural resource model (post-soviet organized crime)
o diversified criminal exterprises, focus on women and selling them to intermediaries, women are viewed as natural resources to be exploited like oil and timber, mostly concerned with short-term profits, ruthless use of violence to control victims
violent entrepreneur model (balkan crime groups)
o exclusively related to trafficked women, originated with the UN peacekeeping mission in Kosovo and then expanded to encompass integrated businesses, mostly limited to European markets, very violent, may be the worst violators of human rights
American pimp model (high consumption/small savings)
independent pimps traffic small numbers of women for a long time, prey on homeless and runaways, women controlled by violence, threats, the bottom bitch, by living with the pimp, tattoos, drugs, and psychological manipulation; all the money goes to the pimp who uses it for extravagant consumption rather than extending their business
Supermarket model (low cost/high volume)
done in US/Mexican border areas, involves sex trafficking, goal is to maximize profits by moving large numbers of people at low cost, sex trafficking stresses quantity of service over quality, serves primarily Hispanic customers, trafficking rings fix prices; use primitive bookkeeping
Traditional slavery model with modern technology model
(Nigeria/west Africa): crime groups sell women and drugs, most recruiting done in one region of Nigeria (edo), traffickers use women to gain the trust of potential victims and voodoo to ensure their compliance, minimal state controls allow traffickers to obtain valid passports with complete information, women pressured to work in the most dangerous conditions at the lowest end of the prostitution market, traffickers maintain close contact with Nigerians abroad to promote their businesses
common expenses that traffickers incur
o Cost of travel, housing, food, acquiring victims (payments to families, brothels etc), bribes, fake document costs
ways that traffickers seek to reduce costs and maximize profits
o Sell the person to another trafficker
o Abandon the person
o Kill the person
how traffickers use the internet to recruit victims and advertise services
o Identify, recruit and intimidate victims
o Advertise sexual services and child pornography
o Connect with potential customers
o Move and launder funds
how society has historically viewed and treated children even when no trafficking is involved
o Children considered small adults, no age considerations. Same rules applied to children who committed crimes as adults. Imprisoned with adults and punished as adults. Usually children who committed crimes were seen as bad kids, until Mary Ellen's case
The potential impact of trafficking on the community
o Demographic- large numbers of youth are lost
o Economic/financial - funds civil wars and corruption
o Political- depresses salaries and hurts legitimate commerce
variables that affect the way that trafficking will affect an individual
o Type of trafficking
o Age of victim
o Length of time trafficked, etc.
o Gender
o How the person was treated
o Personal resilience
o Nature of support (if any) once freed
physical impacts of trafficking on individuals
beaten, insufficient food/health care, filthy living conditions/disease, possible death
emotional impacts of trafficking on individuals
o constant fear/stress, loss of trust, loss of emotional support, depression/thoughts of suicide
legal impacts of trafficking on individuals
o potential of arrest, jail, criminal record
social impacts of trafficking on individuals
publicity, public scorn, ostracism
long term consequences of trafficking
post traumatic stress, limited future (ex less likely to marry), possible revenge of traffickers who are arrested, substance abuse
additional consequences of trafficking on individuals
shame, depression, despair, suicidal thoughts, sense of betrayal, self-doubt, constant anger, fear, no days off, substance abuse
Mary Ellen Wilson
-first case of child abuse in 1874
o Mary Ellen's father died, mother couldn't afford to take care of her, mother put her in an orphanage, became an unpaid slave/servant at 10 years old. Brutal abuse by foster mom, beaten, starved, forced to sleep on the floor, forbidden from going outside. Neighbors notified by police, but police couldn't do anything because there were no laws to protect children from abuse. Contacted an animal abuse organization to see if there was anything that could be done. SPCA, had to establish authority to intervene. Argued children are part of animal kingdom, therefore should be protected. Compared children to adults, dependent on parents, all essentially the same requirements for care.
o Judge agreed, let case proceed. Mary ellen had to be carried into courtroom, because of the abuse. She testified about the abuse. Her mom was convicted and sent to jail for 12 months. First documented case of child abuse in US. New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty for Children founded. Concept of resilience. Adopted by neighbor at 12. Didn't know what a toy was, couldn't walk outside on grass that was not level. Mary ellen married at 24 and had 2 children. Died in 1956, at age of 92.
Children's role in third world families- Bolivia
o Legal working age is 10 in Bolivia, need everyone to contribute. Work is first, then school. Want to lower the working age to keep kids safe when the work.
Children's role in the third world families - India
o India, 80% of children between 5 and 14 who live at the kilns work up to 9 hours a day. Paid at the end of every season as a working unit for 1000 bricks made
Chinese "snakeheads" and their role in bringing children from China to work in New York
o Many parents send their children, culture shapes HT, parents and children's relationship based off on parental authority, filial piety, obedience towards parents, trafficked people can be anywhere, children who are trafficked for things besides sex work everywhere in the world and in really bad conditions
Factors in child sex tourism in Guatemala
o CST is used as a tool to combat poverty, cultural perceptions (views of men and women's sexualities, men encouraged to have sex before marriage, women are not), daughter's financial responsibility in finances for families, machismo/male superiority, believe having sex with minors is okay in developing countries
Key players in Child Sex tourism in Guatemala
o children and abusers, abusers not just pimps, also business owners, lawyers, male tourists etc
Recommendations from Guatemala child sex tourism article
Legalize child labor and increased compulsory education, national awareness campaign and human rights education, legislative reform and governmental transparency, globalization can be a part of the solution
US Fair Labor Standards Act of 1937
o Children must be at least 14 years old to work except in agriculture. Agriculture has no limit on the number of hours that can be worked outside of school hours. Establishes minimum wage and overtime rules
Child Labor Deterrence Act
o a bill that would prohibit the importation of manufactured and mined goods into the U.S. which are produced by children under the age of 15.
· Reasons why the emancipation of slaves following the American Civil War resulted in long-term problems for many African Americans
o No legal care/concern after emancipation that gave freed Black people proper services/pathways for economic growth
· Common needs of trafficked survivors following their release
§ Counseling
§ Need job counseling, few job skills
· May not be legally authorized to work in US
§ Translator
§ Cash, housing
· Major reasons why the task of assisting survivors is so difficult
o Diversity of trafficked survivors
§ Race, ethnicity, and culture
§ Age
§ Gender
§ Type of work forced to do
§ Legal status
§ Desire to return home
§ Ability to speak the language of the country where trafficked
§ Pregnant
§ May have children
§ Physical/mental disabilities
§ Length of time trafficked
§ Life story (feelings toward pimp/trafficker, police, etc)
Case history of efforts to assist a woman trafficked from Nigeria to Denmark
o White woman arrives in a village, within 10 mins, offered 4 children to take to Europe by parents so they could have a better life
§ Love and desperation
o Anna may need: place to stay, documentation, job, food, education, long term counseling
§ Haunted by juju spell that she believes is real, keeps her from seeking assistance
strategies for assisting survivors
basic service needs, emotional and service needs, needs that vary depending on the individual
basic service needs
emergency shelter, food/clothing, safety planning, medical care (testing for STDs), cash
emotional and service needs
crisis intervention (might be suicidal), mental health care (drug/alcohol counseling), social service advocacy (assist with family issues), life skills (how to balance a checkbook, use the subway), cash
needs that vary depending upon the individual
legal services (criminal charges and/or immigration), interpreter (need to learn a new language), custodial care for children, other social services, Medicaid/health insurance
three stage GEMS model
Victim Stage, Survivor Stage, Leadership Stage
Victim stage
o anger, euphoria of being free, missing their pimp
Survivor stage
begin to confront and cope with boredom of everyday life
leadership stage
o become a leader in your own life and family
· The six stages of recovery as described in the model developed by Prochaska, DiClemente and Norcross
o Precontemplation- no intention of taking action
o Contemplation- intention to take action, hasn't made steps yet
o Preparation- intends to take action in the next month and has taken some steps to change behavior
o Action- has changed behaviors, short term
o Maintenance has changed behaviors, long-term
o Termination- zero desire or temptation to return to previous life
Core values of the Federal strategic action plan for assisting victims of HT in the US
· Meaningful engagement with survivors in all aspects of program development, implementation and evaluation is critical
· Services should be accessible for all trafficking victims
· Victim services shoul promote safety, healing, justice and rights for victims, and should empower them to help bring traffickers to justice
· Public awarenss and an understanding of human trafficking at federal, state, territorial, tribal and local levels are needed to improve victim identification and access services
· Anti-human trafficking efforts should be victim centered, culturally relevant, holistic, comprehensive and gender responsive
· All those who engage with survivors much acknowledge and respect an individuals experience and capacity to move beyond victimization
· Services for long-term needs, in addition to services that address immediate and emergency needs, are critical. Survivors should be provided with tools and opportunities for financial stability that will support their long-term independence
Major goals of the Federal Strategic Action Plan for Assisting Victims of HT in the US
· Align efforts, promote a coordinated approach
· Improve understanding, evidence based practices
· Expand access to services, increase victim identification and expand the availability of services
· Improve outcomes, promote effectively, culturally appropriate services
describe Southeast Asia
extensive conflict, poor border controls, widespread corruption, transition from communism caused social dislocation, sex trafficking especially problematic here
Describe Northeast Asia
most wealthy part of Asia, Japanese and South Korean culture influences allow them to import women for sex
Describe South Asia
o vast majority of people are poor and vulnerable, caste system in India poses special problems, organized crime uses women to recruit and run brothels, forced marriages and life-long debt bondage are common, a person can be trafficked for multiple purposes, labor and organ trafficking prevalent
· The ways that Asian children are used in human trafficking
o Daughters sold as source of income, young girls are held in very low esteem, white linen
Everyone in family must contribute
Trafficking in South Korea: three types
domestic, transnational from Korea to US, transnational into Korea
describe trafficking in South Korea
§ US responsibility in 10k crimes over a period of 60 year
§ Prostitution of young girls tolerated, debts are usually acculumated and need to be paid off
§ Closing of US bases in Philippines led to unemployment, girls then brought to S Korea
§ Girls who are brought to US for two purposes: to marry US servicemen, or to work in massage parlors
§ US response: prostitution and engagement by servicemembers is a violation of military code, S. Korea has sovereignty over enforcing their laws
Lilya4ever movie
o Lilya4ever based on a child left behind in Russia, based on Danguole Rasalaite, who went to Sweden had her passport confiscated, man said she owed money, she tried to kill herself, died 3 days later with letters on her
the Typology of Modern Slavery
o Analyzed 30k HT cases, established business models and trafficker profiles, most common type of trafficking within each group, done by the Polaris Project
States with most Human Trafficking cases
New York, California, Texas, Florida, Ohio
Nature, extent of ht in NYS
o Selling organs, sex, labor
o Video: on farms, workers living in horrible conditions
o One of five states with the most serious trafficking problem
o 20 mil people, more opportunities for trafficking
Three business women who led successful prostitution rings
Xaviera Hollander, Sidney Biddle Barrows, Heidi Fleiss
Xaviera Hollander
opened her own brothel and ran it for a long ass time
Sidney Biddle Barrows
Known as Mayflower Madame
Heidi Fleiss
Known as hollywood madame
How human traffickers compare to drug traffickers
o Low entry costs, high demand, high profit and low risks, not as dangerous as drug trade
o Traffickers are generally more educated, drug traffickers from the streets, drug traffickers are violent to anyone, human traffickers keep violence to victim and their family
How traffickers control their victims
o Techniques used by pimps: psychologically traumatize victims, complete control is asserted, interwoven rewards of love and kindness, love-bombing and brainwashing, threat of violence, shame, degradation, enforcing rules, drugging, forced pregnancy, deliberate creation of disassociated parts of self
common roles of women in trafficking rings based on Schwartz, Williams and Farley
o Find victims, escort young girls across borders, train newly trafficked victims, run brothels, maintain discipline, collect money, independent ceos
Sister Ping
most successful human trafficker of all time. Sentenced to 35 years, but died 12 years in
Nayikas in India
o recruit women and girls from their own region and bring them to a brothel, known as managers, lets child get pregnant and uses that child to keep the mother working
· Factors that influence the type of business model that traffickers adopt
o The environment
o Market factors (supply and demand)
o Situational factors that help the traffickers and legitimate business that support them
o Types of customers who purchase goods and services produced by trafficked people
· Major risks and the ways that traffickers seek to reduce them
o Pay less than min wage
o Long shifts
o Use of minors
· The ways that social media and the Internet have transformed the trafficking business
o Identify, recruit, and intimidate victims
o Advertise sexual services and child porn
o Connect with potential customers
o Move and launder funds
· How customers use the Internet to find desired services
o Have 24/7 access to anything they could want
· The Backpage case
o Website for sex ad postings 'the mcdonalds of trafficking'
o Director held in contempt because they did not show to congressional hearing
o End of backpage did not end trafficking, just sent it further underground
· The history of mail-order brides with particular emphasis on the connection to modern technology and human trafficking
o Meet women from asia- men use website because these women are traditionally attractive and follow traditional views, foreign women expected to marry men much older
o Women may sign up for this site because they want US citizenship, they are desperate/poor, may be adventurous and want to use men as a pathway towards the US, women may be misled by broker
· The deep web and the dark web
o Dark web used for communication by terror groups
o Every part of your body can be sold on dark web, most expensive is bone marroe
o Dark web can sell children, has child porn, sex slaves, disturbing videos of real rape and molestation, tortures
o Hard to investigate because: expensive, time consuming, special computer skills, jurisdictional challenges, difficult to infiltrate peer groups, new users have to upload their own in order to be granted access to other porn
· Major players in the trafficking industry
o Desperate people, brokers, people who are willing to look the other way
· The dynamics of fake adoptions and the impact it has on all concerned
o Brokers will lie to the adoption agency, adoption agency will then pass on false information to the adoptive family, family thinks they are rescuing a child from horrible conditons, but they are not.
dr. Shelley's six prong approach
consumers, businesses, research and education, civil society, governments, multilateral efforts
describe the consumer prong
greater awareness, reduce demand for bad products/services
three main strategies to reduce demand for sex/deter buyers
· Place the names of buyers on a special internet registry
· Release the buyers' photo and personal information to the press and social media
· Incarceration
describe the businesses prong
o don't use trafficked labor or suppliers that do, Don't offer services that facilitate trafficking, use ethical practices in all parts of the business
describe the research and education prong
more substantive research, not just case histories
describe the civil society prong
general public, celebrities, media, religion, nonprofit organizations
describe the governments prong
better laws and enforcement, broader programs (education, shelters), promote more inclusive cultural attitudes
describe the multilateral efforts prong
international nature of the problem requires involvement of groups such as UNICEF and the organization of American states
things that each person can do to fight trafficking
o Increase awareness
o Political advocacy
o Prevent human trafficking
o Reduce demand (shop wisely!)
o Support survivor intervention and aftercare
o Learn more about trafficking, stay informed about current events, do simple little things as time permits
o Learn how to recognize human trafficking
o Contribute to a shelter or an organization
o volunteer
· Why Dr. Louise Shelley believes that everyone is diminished by human trafficking
o Reduces respect for human rights, undermines national security and border control, contributes to anti-immigrant sentiment, organized crime is facilitated
human trafficking intervention courts
outcome based interventions, treat root causes; defence and prosecutor work together, not in opposition; interdisciplinary team approach and intensive interactions between judge and offender, provide referrals and assistance to defendant; set of clearly defined rules and goals.
what is the main service a defendant will receive in a HTIC
o Counseling is main service a defendant will receive, immigration relief (t visas)
what are some problems with HTIC
o victim must be arrested first in order to be in HTIC, victims may be arrested after court mandated program release, may be arrested for loitering; interpretation services are weak
goals of HTIC
reduce recidivism, leave a life of abuse behind
Lee's action plan goals
§ Goals for children 8-19 who may be taken advantage of: teach the power of saying no, when to tell someone that you're being forced to work, child labor and cocoa farm conditions are illegal
Lee's action plan steps
§ Ask questions about their work history/family work history, share statistics in Cote D'Ivore about cocoa industry, laws about child labor, discuss differences between chores and labor, provide brief international scope
History of going after chocolate companies
· Fed. Legislation 2001 - required child labor to be disclosed on chocolate wrappers, bill was defeated
· 2016: hershey's and nestle sued over failure to disclose slave labor
· 2018: Mars co, labor practices did not have to be disclosed; Nestle and Cargill suit claimed companies ignored slavery
· 2021: ruled in favor of Nestle and Cargill
corporate reactions to child labor in cocoa industry
Hershey's pledged to be child-labor free by 2020, does not detail where they source their cocoa
Limited transparency in Nestle, Ferrero, Lindt, Mars
Companies constantly pushing back date when they will be child-labor free, since 2001 , or changing numerical goals, under pressure from congress
Still cannot say where their chocolate comes from
rankings for chocolate companies fair labor
o Toblerone D
o Hershey's D
o Dove F
o Mars F
o Nestle F
history of slavery, serfdom and human rights in Russia
o long history of slavery in Russia until 1873, then became serfs, enslavement of citizens in Soviet Russia Internment camps, human rights often violated
key variables contributing to high level of trafficking in Eastern Europe
o Feminization of poverty
o Collapse of Soviet Union
Rural
· Factors contributing to the trafficking of children and juveniles. How the extent of child trafficking compares to that of adults.
o Many children are abandoned, more children than adults are trafficked. Many orphans, organized crime groups take children and use them for porn, smuggling, illegal adoptions, soldiers
· Significant types of labor trafficking and how the magnitude of labor trafficking compares to the magnitude of the trafficking that is done for sexual purposes
o Brickslaves video- rural environment of Brick factory, weren't told working conditions would be 15 hours a day
o Labor trafficking is bad, but sex trafficking is worse
Students also viewed