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final exam community

Terms in this set (80)

The conditions in the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, worship, and age that affects a wide range of health, functioning, risk factors and quality of life outcomes.
Social Determinants of Health
5 major categories:
Economic status
Education
Health care accessibility
Neighborhood/ environment
Social/ community context
Social determinants of health
treating people fairly
justice
the obligation not to harm the patient
maleficence
doing good or benefiting others
beneficence
freedom of choice and the exercise of people's rights to choose
autonomy
telling the truth
veracity
remaining true to your word and keeping promises
fidelity
States that you must have approval anytime human subjects are used for research
Institutional review board (IRB)
Beliefs, values, and behavior shared by members of society. Culture influences how people behave, the things they say, and how they interpret the world. It provides a set of norms that offer stability and security for members of a society.
Characteristics & explanation of culture
Host-Agent-Environment
Epidemiological triad
susceptible human or animal who harbors and nourishes a disease causing agent. May have the ability to resist infection
Host
a factor that causes or contributes to a health problem or condition.
agent
all the external factors surrounding the host that might influence vulnerability or resistance.
environment
All active cases of disease or condition at a given point of time. (number of persons with disease/ number of people in a population)
prevalence
number of new cases of a specific disease or condition during a period of time. (the number of persons developing disease/ total number at risk per unit of time)
incidence
passive
active
cross
herd
types of immunity
a host's ability to resist a particular infectious disease causing agent.
immunity
short term resistance such as transfer of antibodies from mom to baby; naturally acquired.
passive immunity
long-term; may be long and could be natural or artificial
active immunity
may be passive or active. Exposure to infection may increase immunity to another
cross immunity
level of immunity to a group of people
herd immunity
Communicable diseases have challenged health care providers all over the world for centuries. The threat of these diseases have led to infection control measures that have continued over the years. Some examples include: handwashing, PPE use, sharps procedures, sanitation, and vaccines
Some examples of common communicable diseases are
Influenza, pneumonia, hepatitis, HIV/AIDS, TB, and some sexually transmitted infection
communicable disease
occurs by immediate transfer of infectious agents from a reservoir of a new host
direct transmission
occurs when the infectious agents is transported within contaminated inanimate materials such as air, water, or food (vehicle-borne transmission)
indirect transmission
occurs when the infectious agent is carried by a vectors (non human carrier such as an animal or insect)
vector transmission
bacteria, virus, parasites EX. shigella, E.coli, Giardia, Hep A
food/water related transmission
spread when an individual coughs, sneezes, or talks. A basic surgical mask is needed
droplet transmission
droplets that remain in the air for some time. An N-95 mask is needed
airborne transmission
May be direct or indirect contact. A gown and gloves are required
contact transmission
Investigate potential exposures
Present work - Residence
Environmental concerns
Past work
Activities
Referrals and resources
Educate
Environmental health assessment (I-PREPARE)
Selective Perception
-Filtering Information
-Language Barriers
types of communication barriers
interpretation through own perception
*You must ask questions to close the feedback loop
selective perception
manipulation of information by the sender to influence the receiver's response. EX. pt lying on health history
(patients may be hesitant to give you information if they think that you may want to hear something different.)
*You can use therapeutic communication to build trust with your patient so they won't feel the need to lie to you.
filtering information
interpret meaning of words differently
*use an interpreter or other means of communication to help you to convey the meaning of your words better
language barriers
Windshield survey ( familiarization assessment)
Problem-oriented assessment
Community subsystem assessment
Comprehensive assessment ( key informants)
Community assets assessment
Types of community assessments
Green: minor ( walking wounded) -
Yellow: delayed
Red: immediate
Black: deceased/morgue/ unable to assist
Triage in a disaster
The AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first __months and continued breastfeeding for the first year
6
Only about __ of infants were breastfed for 6 months and only about 18.8% were exclusively breastfed.
49.4%
There are many benefits for both mother and baby including; convenience, cost, immunities, digestive health, bonding, weight loss for mom, reduced risk of sides, and growth promotion in baby.
breastfeeding
Side/ stomach sleeping
Exposure to cigarette smoke
Premature birth
Co-sleeping
Family hx
Bedding in the crib
risk factors of sudden infant death syndrome
Risk can be reduced by breastfeeding, use of a pacifier, and putting the baby on their back alone in their crib.
risk prevention of SIDS
Asthma, Autism, Diabetes, Seizure Disorders, Behavioral and Learning Problems- ADHD
Chronic conditions in children
chicken pox, cols, flu, conjunctivitis, hand foot and mouth, measles,
chronic communicable diseases in children
Emphasis on quality of life and comfort
Focus on the health of the whole family
Plan of care based solely on client choices
Sedatives are used to eliminate suffering
Goal is to manage all symptoms at home
hospice care
Alzheimer's disease
Arthritis
Cancer
Cardiovascular disease
Depression and suicide
Diabetes
Obesity
Osteoporosis
common health conditions in older adults
Emphasis is on treatment or therapy to restore independence
Focus is on health of the client
Plan of care is determined by medical need
Sedative are used hesitantly to reduce suffering
Care is provided in the client's home and they are homebound
home health
There may be no access to running water, no heating unit to boil equipment, or inadequate facilities to dispose of contaminated equipment. These conditions necessitate the development of creative solutions to control infection.
infection control (home safety)
The home health client taking multiple medications is at particular risk of multiple errors in self-administration, including incorrect medication, dose, time, interval, or route. Often, doses are missed or doubled. Clients may discontinue a drug or not complete the full course. Sometimes, the drug or drugs ordered are inappropriate considering the patient's condition at home.
medication management (home safety)
Physiological risk factors include orthostatic hypotension and cardiac dysrhythmias, dizziness, neurologic and musculoskeletal effects on gait and balance, urinary urgency, impaired hearing or vision, alcohol or drug abuse, and medication effects impairing alertness, balance, urinary frequency, and blood pressure. Clients should be observed as they move through their home and carry out activities of daily living. The nurse in the home should inspect sidewalks, stairs, and surfaces outside the home; floor, rugs, electrical cords, stairs, lighting, and clutter inside the home; kitchen safety; and bathroom features including grab bars and a raised seat for the toilet and safety modifications for the bathtub.
falls(home safety)
Home health nurses face risks not only in driving to their client's homes but also because of environmental hazards: the nurses must be constantly aware of personal safety and surroundings. Client homes are uncontrolled environments, and nurses may face instances of family violence and illegal drug activity, or weapons may be present. The surrounding neighborhood also may pose risks of violence, car theft, vandalism, and robbery.
nurse safety (Home safety)
keep the disease, illness, or injury from occurring
primary prevention
Recognizes symptoms and detects early- screening
secondary prevention
minimizes the negative impact
tertiary prevention
Birth: HepB vaccine given at birth
2 months:Dtap, IPV, Heb B, Hib, PCV-13, Rotavirus (DIHHPR)
4 months: Dtap, IPV, Hib, PCV-13, Rotavirus (DIHPR)
6 months: Dtap, IPV, Heb B, Hib, PCV-13, Rotavirus (DIHHPR)
12-15 months: Hib, Hep A, Varicella, PCV-13, MMR, Dtap (hello harry v. potter MD)
4-6 years: IPV, Dtap, MMR, Varicella (I did my vaccines)
11-12 years: TDAP, HPV, Meningococcal (Tweens have money)
vaccines
Flu vaccine: given annually (recommended for all adults)
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide (Pneumovax 23): prevents infections that are caused by streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. This is recommended for those 65 and over.
vaccines for older adults
Different types of abuse may be common in different age groups. Some that may be common in every age group include;
Physical abuse.
Sexual abuse.
Emotional or psychological abuse.
characteristics of abuse
Those that are most common in children are
Physical
Sexual
Emotion
Neglect
most common types of abuse in children
Those that are most common in older adults are
Financial
Physical
Sexual
Neglect
Abandonment
most common types of abuse in older adults
Tension building
Acute explosion
Honeymoon phase
Denial
This is a recurring cycle of abuse in which the periods of acute explosions become more frequent
cycle of violence
Socioeconomic status/ poverty
Insurance coverage
Race and Ethnicity
root causes of vulnerability
marital capital, family structure, social networks, organizational memberships
social capital
education, job training, income, housing
human capital
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetes
COPD
Occupational hazards ( pesticides, air quality, water quality)
Communicable diseases
Substandard housing crowding
Poor sanitation
Common health problems/injuries encountered by rural residents and migrant workers
It classifies disabilities in terms of impairments, activity, limitations, and participation restrictions
Individuals with the same disability may not have the same level of function
"Functioning"- body functions, activities, and participation
International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health
That all people with disabilities have poor health
Public health activities need to focus only on preventing disability
There is no need for a clear definition of disability in public health pr
Misconceptions about individuals with disabilities
Mobility: serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs
Cognition: serious difficulty with concentration, memory, or decision making
Independent living: Difficulty living alone or doing errands
Hearing: HOH or deaf
Vision: Blindness or serious difficulty seeing
Self-care: difficulty dressing or bathing
Types of disabilities
defined as a pattern of drinking alcohol which brings that blood alcohol level to 0.08 percent or higher
This is generally 5 or more drinks in two hours for a male and 4 or more drinks in an hour for a female.
binge drinking
Worse school performance
Social issues (fighting)
Dangerous sexual activity
Physical or sexual violence
Increased risk of suicide
Accidents
Memory Issues
Adolescent and underage drinking affects
Providing education of the dangers of underage drinking
Increasing the alcohol taxes
Limiting days of sale
Enhancing enforcement of laws prohibiting sales to minors
adolescent and underage drinking prevention
Opioids
Cocaine
Psychostimulants
common types of drugs for overdose
Extreme deviations from normal body temperature
Loss of consciousness
Skin color changes
Abnormal breathing
Abnormal heart rate (fast, slow, irregular)
s/s of drug overdose
Naloxone is a drug that reverse the effects of an opioid overdose
It may be IV, IM, SubQ, but is most often taken by nasal route
use of naloxone
includes advocating for affordable housing, employment opportunities, and better access to health care to prevent the downward spiral into homelessness.
primary prevention for homelessness
Clients benefit from secondary prevention measures such as screening for communicable and chronic diseases (i.e., hepatitis, tuberculosis, sexually transmitted infection, HIV, hypertension, diabetes, cancer).
secondary prevention for homelessness
Often, homeless individuals have chronic health conditions that have gone untreated for long periods of time. This neglect in attending to health needs results in significant disease morbidity. Treating complications of advanced disease, providing rehabilitative and respite care, and offering counseling and support are important tertiary preventive strategies
tertiary prevention for homelessness
mental illness, addiction, chronic conditions, communicable disease (TB, HIV/ AIDS), dental issues, Weather related issues (heat stroke/ frostbite), HTN, diabetes
common health problems in the homeless
Historically members of the religious community did these jobs
In the 1970s Reverend Dr. Westberg launched faith based community clinics
In 1984 nurses were named Parrish Nurses (registered professional nurses who serves as a member of the ministry staff of a faith community to promote health to the faith community
In 2005 the title changed to faith community nurse
history of faith based nursing
Health educator
Health counselor
Advocate
Referral agent
Developer of support groups
Coordinator of support groups
Integrator of faith and health
roles in faith based nursing
Exposure to hazardous chemicals
Musculoskeletal issues
Mental health disorders
Stress
Communicable diseases
Injuries/illnesses encountered by occupational health nurses
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