module 3 final textbook questions

Knowledge gained from science is considered valuable to nursing practice for which reason?

a. In the past, nursing care was based on folklore and practices that are no longer effective.
b. Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions.
c. Nurses can demonstrate to physicians that nursing care is effective.
d. Health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient.
Click the card to flip 👆
1 / 63
Terms in this set (63)
Knowledge gained from science is considered valuable to nursing practice for which reason?

a. In the past, nursing care was based on folklore and practices that are no longer effective.
b. Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions.
c. Nurses can demonstrate to physicians that nursing care is effective.
d. Health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient.
b

Nursing care was based on the medical beliefs of the time, some of which have been shown to be effective. The value of scientific knowledge does not lie in the perceptions of other health care team members. Although health care costs are reduced when nursing care is efficient, this statement does not address the value of scientific knowledge and is not the best answer. Science, through research, provides evidence of the most effective nursing care.
Which is an accurate statement regarding paradigms?

a. Research, inclusive of both quantitative and qualitative, is based on paradigms.
b. Some paradigms are incorrect; research helps scientists determine which paradigms work.
c. There is one reality, or paradigm, and research gives us information about that reality.
d. Multiple paradigms are true, and research helps determine which paradigms are true.
a

All research is based on philosophical beliefs, or paradigms, about the world. Paradigms are not "right" or "wrong." Some work better than others to explain observed phenomena. Qualitative research is based on a paradigm of multiple realities.
Which is an example of how research approaches fall along a continuum?

a. Naturalistic research at one end and qualitative research at the other
b. Naturalistic research at one end and constructivism at the other
c. Empirical analytical research at one end and naturalistic research at the other
d. Empirical analytical research at one end and quantitative research at the other
c

Research approaches at the two extremes of the continuum are empirical analytical and naturalistic research. The term naturalistic research is synonymous with qualitative research. Constructivism is the paradigm that provides the basis for naturalistic research. The term empirical analytical research is synonymous with quantitative research.
In qualitative research the data collection phase should occur after which phase of the research process?

a. Study design
b. Setting
c. Sample
d. Data analysis
b

Data collection usually occurs after the setting phase, not the study design phase, sample phase, or data analysis phase.
Which type of research would the nurse researcher choose when interested in acting as a neutral observer during the study?

a. Qualitative research
b. Ethnographical research
c. Quantitative research
d. Case studies
c

In quantitative research, researchers must remain neutral. In qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral. In ethnography, a type of qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral. In case studies, a type of qualitative research, researchers are never considered neutral.
Which type of research can be most affected by the values of the researcher?

a. Qualitative
b. Naturalistic
c. Ethnographical
d. Quantitative
d

In quantitative research, researchers must remain neutral. The values of the researcher must be acknowledged in qualitative research and naturalistic research.
In research conducted using grounded theory, what signals the collection of an adequate amount of data?

a. Saturation
b. Contextual understanding
c. Significance
d. Conceptualization
a

Data are collected until no new themes emerge (saturation). Contextual understanding comes from analysis of data. "Significance" is a term used in quantitative analysis, not typically in qualitative analysis. Conceptualization is the formation of an image or symbolic representation of an abstract ideal. In grounded theory, this occurs with data analysis.
Why should a nurse researcher have an understanding of the philosophy underlying each type of research?

a. Conclusions reached should be congruent with the research question.
b. The research method that best meets the intended purpose of the study should be used.
c. The reader should understand the level of abstraction of the study.
d. The paradigm of the method should be the same as that of the researcher.
b

Different research methods accomplish different goals and offer different types and levels of evidence that inform practice. The congruence of the conclusions reached and the research question is assured by the methods used to collect and analyze data. It is more important for the reader to understand the paradigm underlying the research method than to determine the level of abstraction of the concepts studied. The research must use a paradigm that best fits the amount of knowledge that exists about the topic under study.
Which question will most accurately critique the sampling of a research project?

a. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?
b. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?
c. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?
d. What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?
c

"Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?" is the question that would critique the sampling of a research project.
Which question will most accurately critique the method of a research project?

a. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?
b. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?
c. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?
d. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method?
a

"Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?" is the question that would critique the method of a research project.
Which question will most accurately critique the purpose of a research project? a. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? b. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing? c. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? d. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method?b "What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?" is the question that would critique the purpose of a research project.Which question will most accurately critique the statement of the phenomenon of interest of a research project? a. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? b. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing? c. Are the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research? d. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method?d "What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method?" is the question that would critique the phenomenon of interest of a research project.Which question will most accurately critique the credibility of a research project? a. Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study? b. Does the researcher document the research process? c. Are the researcher's conceptualizations true to the data? d. Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?d "Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully?" is the question that would critique the credibility of a research project.Which is an accurate statement about qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Qualitative research focuses on variables that can be measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity. b. There are three specific approaches for conducting qualitative research: phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study. c. Qualitative research takes place in naturalistic settings and may utilize participant observation as a data-gathering technique. d. Open-ended survey questions are one method of gathering data for qualitative research.b c d Qualitative research takes place where participants are located. There are five types of qualitative research: ethnography, narrative, phenomenology, grounded theory, and case study. Open-ended questions are frequently used to gather data. Qualitative research focuses on qualities of a process or entity and meanings that cannot be measured in terms of quantity, amount, frequency, or intensity. There are many different approaches for conducting qualitative research.Which would be considered to be a study's context? (Select all that apply.) a. Cultural beliefs of study participants b. The physical setting of the study c. The sample selected for the study d. The number of subjects in the studya b The culture of study participants provides context for their perceptions. The physical setting of the study provides context for the perceptions of participants. The sample selected for the study is not, in itself, likely to be considered a context for the study. The number of subjects selected for the study is not likely to be considered a context for the study.Which would be an accurate way to describe qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Numerical b. Inductive c. Explanatory d. Descriptiveb c d Qualitative research uses words rather than numbers to explain phenomena. Qualitative research is considered to be inductive and explanatory in nature. Qualitative research is considered to be descriptive in nature because it tends to describe a subject's "lived experience."Which research method can be used for the purpose of understanding and constructing the meaning of human experience? a. Phenomenological b. Grounded-theory c. Ethnographical d. Case studya The phenomenological method leads to an understanding and construction of the meaning of human experience. Although the grounded-theory method collects data regarding human experience, it is used to construct theory where no theory exists. The ethnographical method focuses on scientific description and interpretation of cultural or social groups and systems. The purpose of the case study method is to study in depth a specific case or group of patients.What is the research method that should be used to study the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific type of patient? a. Phenomenological method b. Grounded-theory method c. Ethnographical method d. Case study methodd The purpose of the case study method is to study the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific case or group of cases. The phenomenological method leads to an understanding and construction of the meaning of human experience. The grounded-theory method is based on observations and perceptions of the social scene, and it is used to construct theory where no theory exists. The ethnographical method focuses on scientific description and interpretation of cultural or social groups and systems.The nurse researcher is weighing the strengths and weaknesses of the phenomenological method. The nurse recognizes which to be the focus of the phenomenological method? a. Cultural groups or systems b. Construction of a theory c. The lived experience d. Understanding the pastc The phenomenological method leads to an understanding and construction of a lived experience. The ethnographical method focuses on scientific description and interpretation of cultural or social groups and systems. The grounded-theory method is used to construct theory where no theory exists. The historical method is used to understand the past.The nurse researcher has chosen to bracket his or her beliefs. This means that the researcher plans to do what? a. To attempt to understand the beliefs while collecting data b. To analyze the beliefs for congruence with the research method c. To categorize the beliefs according to abstraction d. To set the beliefs aside while collecting datad The researcher brackets his or her beliefs by acknowledging them and then setting them aside while collecting data. The researcher must understand and acknowledge beliefs before collecting data. The research method is selected according to the aims of the study, not according to the researcher's personal belief system. Bracketing personal beliefs does not mean analyzing them.The phenomenological researcher knows to stop interviewing participants at which point? a. When there is sufficient information to create themes b. When ideas that are surfacing have been heard in other interviews c. When subjects verify the accuracy of the data collected d. When subjects have all been interviewed more than onceb The researcher collects data when no new information is uncovered during interviews. Themes are generated as data are collected. Although it is important to verify the accuracy of the data collected, this does not stop the interview process. Each subject is interviewed until his or her experience is uncovered, but this does not stop the interview process.The nurse researcher is reviewing the advantages of the grounded-theory method. The nurse recognizes that which statement is true regarding the grounded-theory method? a. It collects data using an emic perspective. b. It is a process of constructing human experience. c. It may use secondary sources. d. It is an inductive approach.d The researcher uses an inductive approach to develop theory from data collected. Data are collected using the emic perspective. The grounded-theory method is a process of constructing theory from human experience. In grounded theory only primary sources (the participants) are used.The nurse researcher has chosen to code and cluster data for categories using the grounded-theory method. The researcher is using what? a. Theoretical sampling b. Constant-comparative method c. Emic method d. Meta-synthesisb The constant-comparative method allows data to be compared with other data as they are acquired during research. Theoretical sampling is the follow-up of hunches about emerging patterns in the data. The emic perspective is the perspective of the participant. Meta-synthesis is the comparative analysis of individual qualitative interpretations that seeks to retain the essence of the unique contribution of each study.What is a characteristic of an intrinsic case study? a. It yields a better understanding of each case. b. It provides a foundation to challenge a generalization. c. It does not include quantitative data. d. It can scrutinize only uncomplicated phenomena.a An intrinsic case study is undertaken to have a better understanding of the case. An instrumental case study is done when the researcher wants to challenge a generalization. An intrinsic case study can include both quantitative and qualitative data. An intrinsic case study is used to scrutinize complicated phenomena.The nurse researcher is concerned about the ethics of failing to inform study participants of all possible threats before they choose to participate. This characteristic is usually known as what? a. Naturalistic setting b. Emergent nature of design c. Researcher-participant interaction d. Researcher as instrumentb The emergent nature of design means that planning for questioning and observation emerges over the time of the study. Thus it is difficult to inform the participant precisely of all potential threats before he or she agrees to participate. The naturalistic setting means that some researchers using methods that rely on participant observation may believe that consent is not always possible or necessary. Researcher-participant interaction means that relationships developed between the researcher and participant may blur the focus of the interaction. Researcher as instrument means that relationships developed between the researcher and participant may blur the focus of the interaction.A nurse studies the problem of teenage pregnancy in the local community with the goal of preventing unwanted teenage pregnancy in the future. Which research method would be most appropriate for this study? a. Historical research method b. Case study method c. Community-based participatory method d. Ethnographical methodc The community-based participatory method recognizes the importance of involving members of a study population as active and equal participants to plan context-appropriate action. The historical method helps us understand the past. The case study method would be useful for understanding the peculiarities and commonalities of pregnant teenagers in the community, but the method is limited in assisting to prevent the problem in the future. The ethnographical method would not be the most efficient method for providing information related to prevention of the problem in the future.What would be an important ethical obligation for a qualitative researcher? a. To test the reliability and validity of interview instruments b. To acknowledge personal biases c. To avoid becoming a therapist d. To maintain the anonymity of the participantb The responsibility to remain true to the data requires that the researcher acknowledge any personal bias. The reliability and validity of interview instruments are concerns of quantitative research. The nature of the researcher-participant interaction over time introduces the possibility that the research experience becomes a therapeutic one. Because the researcher knows who the participants are, they are not anonymous. It is important, however, to maintain their confidentiality.The nurse researcher chooses to use meta-synthesis for which reason? a. It is useful for triangulating research. b. It synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings. c. It is not frequently used on historical or case study findings. d. It leads to a higher reliability of research findings.b Meta-synthesis is the synthesis of critical masses of qualitative findings. Meta-synthesis is not used to triangulate research. Meta-synthesis can be conducted on any type of qualitative study. Reliability of findings is of concern in quantitative research, not in qualitative research.The nurse researcher is concerned about the "fittingness" of a research study. The researcher recognizes that this term is concerned with what? a. Truth of findings as judged by the participants b. The appropriateness of the interview questions posed c. Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants d. The adequacy of the coding system usedc Fittingness is the faithfulness of the study to the everyday reality of the participants. Credibility is the truth of findings as judged by the participants. Auditability assists the reader to judge the appropriateness of the interview questions posed. Auditability assists the reader to judge the adequacy of the coding system used.The nurse researcher is planning on using participant observation as the major method of gathering data in the study. The researcher is concerned about the ethics of not having consent forms signed in such cases. Such a characteristic of qualitative research is known as what? a. Naturalistic setting b. Emergent nature of design c. Researcher-participant interaction d. Researcher as instrumenta The researcher who uses participant observation typically will not obtain signed consent forms. The emergent nature of design is not concerned with obtaining consent forms from participants. Researcher-participant interaction is not concerned with obtaining consent forms from participants. Researcher as instrument is not concerned with obtaining consent forms from participants.The qualitative nurse researcher who is concerned about the ethics of a naturalistic setting being used most likely is using what type of technique for gathering data in the study? a. Electronic survey b. Review of historical records c. Participant observation d. Case studyc Participant observation typically occurs in a naturalistic setting. Use of an electronic survey does not typically occur in a naturalistic setting. Review of historical records does not typically occur in a naturalistic setting. Use of a case study does not typically occur in a naturalistic setting.The nurse researcher is participating in a research project and notes that some of the other researchers who are utilizing participant observation methods believe that consent may not always be necessary. This is representative of which characteristic of qualitative research? a. Researcher as instrument b. Researcher-participant interaction c. Emergent nature of design d. Naturalistic settingd Use of the naturalistic setting that is characteristic of qualitative research will generate the ethical concern of researchers believing that consent may not be necessary because of use of participant observation.The nurse researcher is participating in a research project and notes that, due to the planning for questioning and observation that emerges over the time of the study, there is difficulty informing the participants of all potential threats before each one agrees to participate. This is representative of which characteristic of qualitative research? a. Researcher as instrument b. Researcher-participant interaction c. Emergent nature of design d. Naturalistic settingc Use of the emergent nature of design that is characteristic of qualitative research can generate the ethical concern of inability to inform the participant of all potential threats before he or she can agree to participate.The nurse researcher is participating in a research project and notes that another researcher and a participant have grown close enough that the focus is being drawn away from the research project. This is representative of which characteristic of qualitative research? a. Researcher as instrument b. Researcher-participant interaction c. Emergent nature of design d. Naturalistic settingb Use of the researcher-participant interaction that is characteristic of qualitative research can generate the ethical concern of developing relationships between the researcher and the participant that can blur the focus of the interaction.The nurse researcher is reviewing criteria for judging scientific rigor. The researcher evaluates the research for evidence of accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question. The researcher recognizes that this is representative of which criteria for judging scientific rigor? a. Credibility b. Reliability c. Auditability d. Fittingnessc Auditability is described as accountability as judged by the adequacy of information leading the reader from the research question.The nurse researcher is reviewing criteria for judging scientific rigor. The researcher evaluates the research for evidence of the truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline. The researcher recognizes that this is representative of which criteria for judging scientific rigor? a. Credibility b. Reliability c. Auditability d. Fittingnessa Credibility is described as the truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline.Which are uses of qualitative research methods? (Select all that apply.) a. Guiding nursing practice b. Studying effects of nursing care on outcome variables c. Developing survey instruments d. Developing nursing theorya c d Qualitative research is useful for guiding nursing practice. When little is known about a topic, qualitative methods can provide information that can then be used to develop survey tools. Particularly through grounded-theory methods, qualitative research findings can be used to develop nursing theory. Measuring the effects of nursing care on an outcome variable is an aim of quantitative research.Which are scientific criteria appropriate for qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Auditability b. Credibility c. Fittingness d. Reliabilitya c Auditability is the adequacy of information about the entire research process given to the reader. Fittingness is faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants. Credibility is the truth of findings as judged by participants and others within the discipline. Reliability is a criterion appropriate to quantitative research.What can computer programs do for qualitative researchers? (Select all that apply.) a. Code and retrieve data. b. Connect themes and categories. c. Incorporate graphics into reports. d. Analyze data.a b c Computer programs can code and retrieve data. Computer programs can connect themes and categories. Computer programs can incorporate graphics into reports. Computer programs cannot analyze data.Which are ethical concerns for qualitative researchers? (Select all that apply.) a. Because the study emerges over time, the researcher may not anticipate and inform the participants of a potential threat. b. To maintain a naturalistic environment for interviews, formal documents such as consent forms are not used. c. Because there are so few participants in a qualitative study, no participant can opt out of the study. d. Because the researcher and participant interact over a period of time, relationships developed between them may change the focus of the interaction.a d Qualitative studies often take a great deal of time to complete, making anticipation of all potential threats to the participants difficult. The relationship of researcher and participant develops over time and may change the focus of the interaction. Consent forms are important in qualitative research to protect human rights. Participants always have the option of dropping out of a study.Questions in the critique of qualitative research that will analyze the statement of the phenomenon of interest include what? a. Is protection of human participants addressed? b. What is the justification for using a qualitative method? c. What are the philosophical underpinnings of the research method? d. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?b Option B pertains to the statement of the phenomenon of interest. Option A pertains to data collection. Option C pertains to the statement of the phenomenon of interest. Option D pertains to the purpose of the research.Why is it essential to include quotes in the report of a qualitative research study? a. To demonstrate trustworthiness b. To engage the reader c. To allow other researchers to replicate the study d. To give credit to the participantsa including quotes allows the reader to determine the rigor of the research (trustworthiness). Although quotes make the findings richer, engaging the reader is not the best reason. Quotes are not included to assist other researchers to replicate the study. Participants should not be identified in the research report.A qualitative researcher studies the meaning of health to migrant farm worker women, how could these findings be applied? a. To participants of the study b. To poor and disenfranchised women c. To migrating populations d. To migrant farmworker womend The findings of a qualitative study can be applied to similar populations.Why are instruments that were developed using qualitative research useful? a. They tend to be more reliable tools. b. They are grounded in human experience. c. They are already directly linked to nursing practice. d. They are created using the language of the target population.b Qualitative research provides information necessary for population-focused tool development. Use of qualitative research findings for tool development cannot ensure reliability of the tools. Qualitative research findings may or may not be linked to nursing practice. Although research findings may aid in the development of tools that are easily understood by the target population, there is a more important reason that qualitative research is useful for tool development.The researcher should include enough information in the report to allow the reader to understand how the raw data lead to the interpretation. What does this demonstrate? a. Credibility b. Reliability c. Auditability d. Fittingnessc Auditability refers to providing a "paper trail" of the research process. Credibility refers to spending time with participants and member-checking. Reliability is a term more relevant to quantitative research. Fittingness refers to another measure of rigor.Which question is helpful in determining the study's credibility? a. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? b. What strategies were used to analyze the data? c. How were human subjects protected? d. Are the findings applicable outside the study situation?a Option A determines credibility. Option B is used to critique data analysis methods. Option C is used to critique data collection methods. Option D determines fittingness.The nurse researcher identifies that saturation has occurred in a research study. On the basis of this, what does the researcher conclude? a. That additional subjects should be interviewed. b. That a new category of subjects should be interviewed. c. That no additional subjects need to be identified. d. That additional data can emerge from current interviews.c Once saturation has been identified, no further subjects need to be interviewed. Saturation refers to the researcher's conclusion that little if any new data will emerge regardless of the number of new subjects interviewed. Once saturation has been identified, it is unlikely that new data will emerge even if a new category of subject is interviewed. Saturation refers to the conclusion that little if any new data will emerge from adding subject interviews.A nurse researcher chooses to use convenience sampling with a quantitative research project. If the researcher decides to implement another project using qualitative research instead, what type of sampling would be similar to convenience sampling? a. Stratified b. Systematic c. Purposive d. Quotac Purposive sampling is the qualitative research version of convenience sampling. Stratified random sampling is used with quantitative research and is not comparable with convenience sampling. Systematic random sampling is used with quantitative research and is not comparable with convenience sampling. Quota sampling is not a type of sampling that is comparable with convenience sampling.A nurse researcher has chosen to focus on a phenomenon. Characteristics of a phenomenon include what? a. There must be a clear set of research studies already completed on the topic. b. The topic must be one that can adhere to strict research guidelines. c. The topic must be one that can be observed or is observable by a researcher. d. There must be clear-cut documentation previously completed on the topic.c Option C is a characteristic of a phenomenon.The nurse researcher is doing a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which element of appraisal has occurred when the author addressed IRB approval? a. Method b. Sampling c. Ethical considerations d. Elements of stylec The question of the author addressing IRB approval is included in the section on ethical considerations in the critical appraisal of qualitative research.The nurse researcher is conducting a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which element of appraisal has occurred when the researcher determines if participants were fully informed about the nature of the research? a. Method b. Sampling c. Ethical considerations d. Elements of stylec The question of the author addressing informing the participants regarding the nature of the research is included in the section on ethical considerations in the critical appraisal of qualitative research.The nurse researcher is doing a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which element of appraisal has occurred when the researcher determines if saturation was achieved? a. Method b. Sampling c. Ethical considerations d. Elements of styleb The question of the author addressing if saturation was achieved is included in the section on sampling in the critical appraisal of qualitative research.The nurse researcher is doing a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which question will best appraise the purpose of the research? a. Are the findings presented within a context? b. Is there logical connection between raw data and themes? c. Has the researcher remained true to the data? d. What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?d the section on "purpose" can best be analyzed by asking "What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?"The nurse researcher is doing a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which question will best appraise the transferability of the research? a. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? b. Does the researcher document the research process? c. Was the selection of participants described? d. How do the conclusions reflect the study findings?c The question "Was the selection of participants described?" will appraise the transferability of the research.The nurse researcher is doing a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which question will best appraise the auditability of the research? a. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? b. Does the researcher document the research process? c. Was the selection of participants described? d. How do the conclusions reflect the study findings?b The question "Does the researcher document the research process?" will appraise the auditability of the research.The nurse researcher is doing a critical appraisal of qualitative research. Which question will best appraise the recommendations resulting from the research? a. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? b. Does the researcher document the research process? c. Was the selection of participants described? d. How do the conclusions reflect the study findings?d The question "How do the conclusion reflect the study findings?" provides information on recommendations.Which of the following best describes the term themes? (Select all that apply.) a. A theme is a label. b. Themes must be determined before data analysis. c. Themes describe large quantities of data in a condensed format. d. Themes predict relationships among variables.a c A theme is a label that categorizes data. A theme describes large quantities of data in a condensed format. Themes emerge from the data during data analysis. Themes emerge from the data and cannot predict relationships among variables.Which are aims of qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. To understand phenomena b. To predict phenomena c. To control phenomena d. To explain phenomenaa d Qualitative research seeks to understand phenomena. Qualitative research seeks to explain phenomena. Prediction is an aim of quantitative research. Control is an aim of quantitative research.How can qualitative outcome analysis be used? (Select all that apply.) a. To determine the reliability of intervention outcomes in a study b. To confirm the applicability of clinical strategies c. To develop interventions and then test those selected d. To build theoryb c d Qualitative research is used to confirm the applicability of clinical strategies. Qualitative research is used to develop interventions and then evaluate outcomes from those interventions. The purpose of grounded theory (a qualitative approach) is to build theory. Quantitative research is concerned with measuring reliability of results.What is included in the measure of rigor in qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) a. Credibility b. Reliability c. Auditability d. Fittingnessa c d Credibility is one of the measures of rigor in qualitative research. Auditability is one of the measures of rigor in qualitative research. Fittingness is one of the measures of rigor in qualitative research. Reliability is one of the measures of rigor in quantitative research.When critiquing a qualitative study, which questions are most helpful in determining the study's auditability? (Select all that apply.) a. Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully? b. Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking? c. Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? d. Does the researcher document the research process?b d Options B and D determine auditability. Option A determines credibility. Option C determines fittingness.Which questions in the critique of qualitative research that will analyze credibility would be included? (Select all that apply.) a. Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking? b. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? c. Does the researcher document the research process? d. Has adequate time been allowed to fully understand the phenomenon?b d Option A critiques the presence of auditability. Option B critiques the presence of credibility. Option C critiques the presence of auditability. Option D critiques the presence of credibility.Which questions should be included in the critique of qualitative research that will analyze auditability? (Select all that apply.) a. Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking? b. Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? c. Does the researcher document the research process? d. Has adequate time been allowed to fully understand the phenomenon?a c Options A and C critique the presence of auditability. Options B and D critique the presence of credibility.