Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

ASB 335 Final

Terms in this set (84)

(T/F) A strict interpretation of Preservation Archaeology, as presented in lecture, says that archaeologists should never excavate any archaeological site. There has been enough excavation, and remaining sites need to be preserved.
False
The principle of superposition says:

a) When you pile stuff up, the last thing to be thrown in ends up on top.

b) It is better to be a lord than a peasant.

c) The larger the horizontal exposure in an excavation, the more informative it will be.

d) When extracting macrobotanical remains from archaeological soil samples, the seeds and charcoal will float to the top.
a) When you pile stuff up, the last thing to be thrown in ends up on top.
Which of the following might be done as part of a Preservation Archaeology project?

a) All of these answers are correct.

b) Survey to find archaeological sites and map them in their
geographic context.

c) Ecological analysis of plants across the landscape.

d) Targeted excavation.

e) Involvement of tribal peoples.

f) Public education.
a) All of these answers are correct.
Which of the following is NOT an example of Preservation Archaeology?

a) The large scale excavation of the site of Point of Pines described in lecture.

b) Studying settlement patterns, the distribution of sites on the
landscape.

c) The Legacies on the Landscape project.

d) The study and analysis of museum collections.
a) The large scale excavation of the site of Point of Pines described in lecture.
(T/F) In their article about Hopi and Zuni perspectives on archaeological cultures, Dongoske and his co-authors prove direct continuity between Anasazi/Ancestral Pueblo and Hopi. This means almost all Hopi ancestors were the Ancestral Pueblo peoples of the past.
False
What are the "War Gods" discussed in the Ferguson & Eriacho article, and what contemporary tribe are they associated with?

a) Zuni carved wooden figures of great religious significance.

b) The Hopi God of war and the katchina dolls representing this deity.

c) Representations of an Acoma spirit to which the war priest claims fictive kinship.

d) Hohokam figurines found in a shrine
a) Zuni carved wooden figures of great religious significance.
When traditional histories, related by Native Americans, and scientific evidence, collected by archaeologists, point to different conclusions, what should we do? Which answer is best in line with the lectures and readings of Module 1?

a) Because it is fundamentally religious, traditional evidence should not be incorporated in archaeological interpretations.

b) Both should be considered.

c) Traditional histories should be considered only if they have to do with the past 500 years.

d) This is an archaeology class, only archaeological evidence should be considered.
b) Both should be considered.
(T/F) In evaluating cultural affiliation, NAGPRA requires that multiple forms of evidence be taken into account. These include archaeological, historical, biological, evidence as well as and oral tradition.
True
(T/F) When Native American human remains are found to be affiliated with a tribe, NAGPRA allows the tribe to request repatriation of the remains.
True
Which techniques were used to water fields in the pre-modern Southwest?

a) Rain falling directly on fields.

b) Ak-chin.

c) All of these were used in some times and places.

d) Canal irrigation.
c) All of these were used in some times and places.
(T/F) According to the article by Nabhan, nutritional diversity is important, we should all eat a variety of foods. However, because plant diversity increases the risk of crop failure and results in less tasty plants, traditional farmers generally try to reduce diversity and plant mono-crop fields.
False
Ak-chin agriculture involves:

a) Capturing runoff from a large catchment and delivering it to a much smaller field.

b) Headgates and other labor-intensive infrastructure.

c) Farming in the bottoms of arroyos so that when they flood the field is watered.

d) Directing irrigation water from a spring to a field.
a) Capturing runoff from a large catchment and delivering it to a much smaller field.
(T/F) Although the traces are sometimes subtle, archaeologists are sometimes able to trace ancient Hohokam canals and field systems.
True
(T/F) When backhoes and other large-scale equipment are used on Hohokam sites, they are evidence of looting by criminals.
False
(T/F) Because of recent construction and road-building activities in southern Arizona, archaeologists can no longer excavate Hohokam sites.
False
(T/F) According to the chapter by Bahr, the word "Huhugam" refers to anything that is finished and no longer exists. However, according to Barnaby Lewis, a member of the Gila River Indian Community, Huhugam specifically applies to past human life, not objects.
True
Archaeologists argue that some households at the Grewe site were wealthier than others. Which line of evidence supports that argument?

a) More expensive houses were located in just a few of the courtyard groups, and those few were generally occupied for longer than others.

b) To get to the ballcourt, you had to walk through one specific courtyard group.

c) The individuals buried in some households showed more skeletal wear, suggesting that they worked harder.

d) Some courtyard groups had platform mounds, others did not.
a) More expensive houses were located in just a few of the courtyard groups, and those few were generally occupied for longer than others.
(T/F) Hohokam canals were carefully engineered to withstand flooding; there is no evidence that they were damaged during the time they were used by the Hohokam.
False
Which of the following is true about the Hohokam site of Casa Grande?

a) It contains various kinds of monumental architecture including one or more ballcourt, platform mound, and 4-story adobe structure.

b) It was federally protected early on, and was later made into a national monument.

c) Both of these are correct.
c) Both of these are correct.
Hohokam households were often organized into multi-household groupings, around a courtyard

a) only during the Classic period, when architecture took the form of compounds.

b) only during the Pre-Classic period when most houses were pithouses (or houses-in-pits).

c) only at the very beginning of the Hohokam sequence.

d) throughout much of the Hohokam sequence, in the Pre-Classic and Classic both.
d) throughout much of the Hohokam sequence, in the Pre-Classic and Classic both.
Dr. Abbott is able to reconstruct the movement of pots across the Hohokam landscape because of

a) The large amount of variation in the geology of the Phoenix Basin.

b) Instrumental neutron activation, which allows him to inexpensively associate thousands of potsherds with their production location.

c) The highly distinctive designs painted on the pots.

d) Chemical analysis of food and other residues left inside the pots.
a) The large amount of variation in the geology of the Phoenix Basin.
In Dr. Abbott's research on Hohokam pottery, the electron microprobe was used to source the

a) temper.

b) clay.

c) obsidian.

d) grinding stones.
b) clay.
Which of the following was not an important crop for the Hohokam?

a) cacao

b) corn/maize

c) pumpkin/squash

d) cotton
a) cacao
(T/F) In their 2021 article, Ingram and Schollmeyer consider the relationships between drought and migration drawing on their respective research in the northern and southern parts of the Hohokam region.
False
The article you read by Lekson et al. (1988) "The Chaco Canyon Community" estimated that about 2500 pottery vessels per year were deposited at Pueblo Alto, possible because they were smashed after big feasts. What does more recent work say about this estimate?

a) It is too high. There were not huge layers of smashed pots but rather a complex stratigraphy with some smashed pots.

b) It is too low. The feasts were enormous, depositing about 10,000 smashed vessels per year.

c) There were about 2500 vessels total, deposited over 150 years.

d) There were lots of smashed pots but they are not the result of feasting. They were destroyed when Pueblo Alto was attacked by people from Pueblo Bonito.
a) It is too high. There were not huge layers of smashed pots but rather a complex stratigraphy with some smashed pots.
Pueblo Bonito, in Chaco Canyon, was built just beside a huge column of rock that threatened to collapse and fall onto the building. What happened to that rock?

a) It fell in 1941

b) It fell during a prehistoric ceremony around 1130 CE, killing hundreds of people.

c) It is still standing but threatening. That's why the public is not allowed to visit Pueblo Bonito.

d) The Park Serviced removed it so it is no longer a threat.

e) It's still standing, but seems unlikely to fall anytime soon, so it's not a problem.
a) It fell in 1941
(T/F) The lecture cast doubt on the idea that people in Chaco Canyon were good at astronomical and calendrical observances.
False
(T/F) The word "phenomenon" is used to refer to Chaco in part because, in many ways, archaeologists are not quite sure what it was.
True
(T/F) The three river valleys in the Middle San Juan region have the same evidence of Chacoan migration.
False
Which one of the following is known to have been exported, in large quantities, from Chaco Canyon?

a) Grinding stones

b) Wooden beams

c) Corn

d) None of these is correct.
d) None of these is correct.
(T/F) Some outlier great houses look almost exactly like those in Chaco Canyon, other outliers look very different.
True
Archaeologists have long thought that there was some evidence of hierarchy in Chaco, based in part on the burials in Room 33. How has recent research added to this understanding?

a) Some burials pre-date the big developments of the Bonito phase. They may be as early as the 800s AD.

b) The cylinder jars in the burial were found to contain cacao/chocolate.

c) The humans were buried with at least ten sacrificed macaws.

d) The burials post-date Chaco, suggesting it was not hierarchical until late.
a) Some burials pre-date the big developments of the Bonito phase. They may be as early as the 800s AD.
The Sinagua archaeological culture is associated with

a) Chihuahua, northern Mexico,

b) The area around Flagstaff, Arizona.

c) The area around Taos, New Mexico.

d) The lower Gila and middle Salt River valleys.
b) The area around Flagstaff, Arizona.
In his 2012 chapter, Michael O'Hara describes the adoption of Hohokam ballcourts in the Sierra Sin Agua cultural area near modern-day Flagstaff. Which of the following attributes of Hohokam culture was NOT also adopted by those living in the Sierra Sin Agua?

a) Hohokam-style ceramics, including local and imported red-on-buff types.

b) Hohokam-style canals, which served to irrigate fields for growing cotton and maize.

c) Hohokam-style shell-jewelry, some of which was made locally from shells acquired through Hohokam trade routes.

d) Hohokam-style mortuary practices, including the cremation of the dead.
b) Hohokam-style canals, which served to irrigate fields for growing cotton and maize.
(T/F) Sinagua defensive sites took several forms including permanent residential sites that were fortified to resist attacks and temporary refuges located high above the surrounding landscape.
True
(T/F) Michael O'Hara argues that while the pre-eruption Sinagua ballcourts indicate participation in the Hohokam regional system, the post-eruption Sinagua ballcourts were not part of that system.
True
Lecture described the transition and reorganization that ended the Mimbres Classic period, at around AD 1130. Which of the following stayed the same through that transition.

a) Settlements. People stayed in the big villages.

b) Pottery. People continued to make Mimbres B/W pottery.

c) Nothing stayed the same.

d) Diet. People continued to eat the same general range of foods, including rabbits and corn
d) Diet. People continued to eat the same general range of foods, including rabbits and corn
(T/F) Some Mimbres Classic period burials were found under the floors of living/residential rooms. This finding supports the interpretation that Mimbres cosmology involves "dwelling with the ancestors."
True
(T/F) Among other things, cosmology is an understanding of the world and our place in it.
True
(T/F) According to Steve Northup, the author of one of your readings, if you find a Mimbres pottery sherd on your property, it's OK to take it home and put it on your mantle. Preservation should focus on protecting sites and burials.
False
(T/F) "Mimbres" is derived from a Pueblo word meaning "people." It is likely the people who lived in southwestern New Mexico during what we call the Mimbres Classic period called themselves something like "Mimbres."
False
Mimbres households

a) were organized in various ways, some (with two living rooms) were called duplexes, others (with one living room and several storage rooms) were called flats.

b) were all the same, and so they are described as "cookie cutter" households.
a) were organized in various ways, some (with two living rooms) were called duplexes, others (with one living room and several storage rooms) were called flats.
Mimbres pottery

a) has both representational and geometric designs.

b) has only geometric designs early and only representational designs later.

c) has only representational designs early and geometric designs later.

d) has only representational designs.
a) has both representational and geometric designs.
Depictions of corn on Mimbres bowls

a) are very rare, probably because corn wasn't an important food.

b) are common, probably because corn was one of their most important foods.

c) are very very rare, perhaps non-existent, even though corn was a very important food.

d) are found only on bowls from the Mimbres valley, because corn was only grown in the valley.
c) are very very rare, perhaps non-existent, even though corn was a very important food.
Depictions of animals on Mimbres bowls

a) include both animals that were and were probably not eaten.

b) include mostly animals that were eaten.

c) include mostly animals that were not eaten.
a) include both animals that were and were probably not eaten.
(T/F) You pose a hypothesis, collect data to test it, and conclude that it is not supported. According to lecture, that means your hypothesis was not a good one.
False
Depictions of hunting scenes on Mimbres bowls

a) usually show men and women hunting together.

b) are very rare, probably because the Mimbres were vegetarian.

c) often depict large game, even though they didn't actually hunt large game very often.

d) only depict the hunting of rabbits, their most important meat source.
c) often depict large game, even though they didn't actually hunt large game very often.
In her article entitled "Sex, gender, and status: Human images from the Classic Mimbres" Marit Munson found

a) men, more than women, were depicted hunting.

b) because farming was the most important economic activity, most depictions of farming showed men.

c) there were no differences between the activities undertaken by men and by women.
a) men, more than women, were depicted hunting.
Cliff dwellings in the Mesa Verde region

a) were mostly built and used only in the later Pueblo III period.

b) were first seen in the Pueblo I period and used for centuries in the Mesa Verde region.

c) are the largest sites in the Mesa Verde region.

d) are thought to have been built to express a shared aesthetic, that's why they are so beautiful.
a) were mostly built and used only in the later Pueblo III period.
(T/F) Migration from the Mesa Verde region occurred suddenly, at around 1280 AD. Population levels were stable from about 1200-1275.
False
(T/F) Sand Canyon Pueblo in the Mesa Verde region is a small site but it is important because people lived in it for centuries.
False
(T/F) Yellow Jacket Pueblo has architecture dating to Chacoan as well as Pueblo III times. It is one of the largest sites in the Mesa Verde region.
True
(T/F) According to the material presented in lecture and readings, after people left the Mesa Verde region their society collapsed and life became worse and worse until the people finally vanished.
False
(T/F) When people moved from the Mesa Verde region to the Tewa Basin, they continued some practices but changed/rejected others.
True
Kristin Kuckelman ends her 2010 article on the depopulation of Sand Canyon Pueblo by concluding that.

a) The pueblo was attacked by one or more nearby Puebloan groups.

b) Those who attacked the pueblo likely came from non-Pueblo groups to the west.

c) There was no evidence for an attack on the Pueblo.

d) The violence seen at the pueblo was domestic, not a result of outside attackers.
a) The pueblo was attacked by one or more nearby Puebloan groups.
The Duckfoot site in the Mesa Verde region

a) is a large aggregated Pueblo I village at Dolores.

b) has a roomblock, several pit structures, and many tree ring dates.

c) was named after a duck that made friends with the archaeologists.

d) is a famous Classic Mimbres village.
b) has a roomblock, several pit structures, and many tree ring dates.
Which of the following is true of both McPhee Village and the Sacred Ridge site, both in the Mesa Verde region.

a) Both date to the Pueblo I period.

b) Both have evidence of terrible violence.

c) Both have U-shaped roomblocks and oversized pitstructures.

d) Both are in the Dolores River Valley.

e) All of these answers are correct.
a) Both date to the Pueblo I period.
Which of the following is a component of the Village Ecodynamics Project?

a) All of these answers are correct.

b) Reconstruct past environments.

c) Computer simulation.

d) Analyze archaeological data.
a) All of these answers are correct.
(T/F) VEP researchers concluded that the single best explanation for the abandonment of the Mesa Verde reigion was violence, especially people raiding from the north.
False
The VEP studied the effect of human hunting on deer population.

a) They found that deer populations are very robust, a highly sustainable resource.

b) The simulation found that deer populations are easily depleted. But the archaeological record says otherwise and revealed no decline in deer.

c) The simulation found that deer populations are easily depleted. This is a good fit with the archaeological record, which also revealed a decline in deer.

d) Humans probably had little effect on deer because they rarely at them.
c) The simulation found that deer populations are easily depleted. This is a good fit with the archaeological record, which also revealed a decline in deer.
Why do archaeologists think Salado Polychrome pottery was so popular?

a) Salado pottery was connected to a new inclusive religious ideology.

b) Salado pots were more colorful than those formerly made in the southern Southwest.

c) Salado pottery was better for cooking and storing food.

d) Salado pottery was made by elite rulers of Hohokam society.
a) Salado pottery was connected to a new inclusive religious ideology.
Salado Polychrome pottery was made by

a) Kayenta migrants initially and later by migrants and locals alike

b) only Kayenta migrants.

c) only local Hohokam people.

d) Hohokam potters initially and later by migrants and locals alike
a) Kayenta migrants initially and later by migrants and locals alike
Which of the following was a response by local Hohokam populations to the initial arrival of Kayenta migrants in the San Pedro Valley?

a) Increased defensive posturing and fortification of local settlements near migrant villages.

b) They incorporated newcomers into the villages.

c) Local Hohokam populations attacked the migrants and drove them out of the region.

d) Local Hohokam populations stopped making their own pottery.
a) Increased defensive posturing and fortification of local settlements near migrant villages.
(T/F) The difference between coil-and-scrape and paddle-and-anvil pottery production represents an example of a difference in technological style.
True
Which of the following is evidence of Kayenta immigrants in the southern Southwest?

a) Perforated plates.

b) Irrigation agriculture.

c) Round cooking hearths.

d) Stone tools.

e) Pit houses.
a) Perforated plates.
You send a sample of wood to the tree ring lab, and they tell you its a vv date of AD 834. Which of the following is NOT true:

a) The tree the wood came from died before AD 834.

b) vv means very variable.

c) The tree the wood came from might have died in AD 900

d) The tree the wood came from might have died in AD 849
a) The tree the wood came from died before AD 834.
Douglass used evidence other than wood samples to help him find the location of the tree-ring sample that bridged the gap between his old and new chronology. What type of evidence helped Douglass locate that sample?

a) Ceramic data that helped order sites from old to young according to existing ceramic typologies.

b) Pollen data that showed drastic changes in the environment through time.

c) Burial data that showed changes in mortuary activity at sites through time.

d) Architectural styles at different sites that changed in a predictable way from older to more recent styles.
a) Ceramic data that helped order sites from old to young according to existing ceramic typologies.
(T/F) You found several pieces of burnt wood when excavating a room. One yields a vv date of 1230, another yields a cutting date of 1240. It is possible that both samples came from the same roof beam.
True
In the article from National Geographic Magazine, the author Douglass claims to have discovered the Rosetta Stone of American prehistory. Which of the following describes the discovery?

a) A large but fragmentary piece of burned beam recovered from beneath a 20th century farm.

b) An unburnt log roof beam taken from the colonial period mission at the continuously occupied Hopi town of Oraibi.

c) An intact pottery vessel from a cliff dwelling in Arizona.

d) None of these is correct.
a) A large but fragmentary piece of burned beam recovered from beneath a 20th century farm.
(T/F) The mention of Facebook this week was just a joke. It has nothing to do with social networks.
False
(T/F) The analysis of social networks described in the Archaeology Southwestmagazine 27(2) assumes that two sites with similar ceramics probably interacted, and therefore are connected in the network.
True
Look at the maps on pp. 12-13 of the Archaeology Southwest magazine 27(2). There are dark blue, lighter blue, and white lines.

a) The white lines mean connections across shorter distances, the dark blue lines mean connections over longer distances.

b) The white lines mean strong connections, the dark blue lines mean weak connections.

c) The white lines mean weak connections, the dark blue lines mean strong connections.

d) The white lines mean connections across longer distances, the dark blue lines mean connections over shorter distances.
a) The white lines mean connections across shorter distances, the dark blue lines mean connections over longer distances.
(T/F) A.V. Kidder's excavations at Pecos Pueblo were presented as a good example of historic Preservation Archaeology.
False
What happened to the many artifacts and burials Kidder excavated at Pecos?

a) In 1999 they were repatriated, returned to Pecos and their descendents at Jemez.

b) We don't know. They were lost.

c) They are carefully preserved at Harvard's Peabody Museum.

d) Kidder sold them to support his research.
a) In 1999 they were repatriated, returned to Pecos and their descendents at Jemez.
What is the relationship between Pecos Pueblo and Jemez Pueblo?

a) When people left Jemez Pueblo in the 19th century, they moved to Pecos.

b) When people left Pecos Pueblo in the 19th century, they moved to Jemez.

c) Both are thriving communities today.

d) Both are important archaeological sites but no one lives permanently at either.
b) When people left Pecos Pueblo in the 19th century, they moved to Jemez.
(T/F) The study of Jemez and fire concluded that the pueblo was destroyed by fire.
False
In the Jemez area, after the population declined fires became more common. Which of the following is true about those fires, according to lecture.

a) They were mostly beneficial low fires that cleared brush but were good for Ponderosa pines.

b) They destroyed what remained of Jemez Pueblo.

c) They destroyed forests across the Jemez region.

d) They set off the beginning of climate change.
a) They were mostly beneficial low fires that cleared brush but were good for Ponderosa pines.
The first contact between the Hemish people at Jemez Pueblo and the Spanish was at 1541. After this, the population at Jemez declined. Which of the following is true about that decline, according to lecture:

a) The population decline is estimated to be 87 percent, but the steepest decline was about 100 years after contact.

b) The decline was almost immediate. By 1550 the Jemez villages were empty.

c) There was an immediate drop but then the population bounced back and subsequently grew during the 1600s.

d) Research concluded that we can't tell, it's too difficult to estimte population.
a) The population decline is estimated to be 87 percent, but the steepest decline was about 100 years after contact.
People in different parts of the Rio Grande region used different kinds of ceramics, including Glaze Ware, Biscuit, and Jemez B/W. The ceramics marked a kind of social boundaries. Which of the following is true about those boundaries?

a) The boundaries were absolute. Neither people nor goods crossed them.

b) The boundaries were crossed by the flow of some goods, including obsidian.

c) Although the boundaries were marked by different kinds of ceramics, people in all three areas made the same kind of rock art.

d) The boundaries appeared to have delineated groups that warred with one another.
b) The boundaries were crossed by the flow of some goods, including obsidian.
According to lecture, the lead used in the glaze paint on Rio Grande ceramics

a) Might have harmed the people who made the paint, but we don't know for sure.

b) Was harmless, because it came from nature.

c) Caused severe brain damage in Rio Grande children, as is shown by skeletal evidence.

d) Was so harmful that it caused the population decline we see at around AD 1400.
a) Might have harmed the people who made the paint, but we don't know for sure.
The Rio Grande region was part of a "macro-economy" described in lecture. Which of the following was NOT part of the macro-economy?

a) sheep and wool

b) cotton

c) bison meat and skin/robes

d) ceramics
a) sheep and wool
When archaeologists find bison foot bones, but not other parts of bison, at sites far from the Plains (where bison were hunted) how do they interpret the presence of those foot bones?

a) They may have been part of bison robes.

b) It means people were eating pickled bison feet.

c) They indicate that people were eating nearly ever last bit of bison, leaving only a few small bones.

d) The foot bones were probably part of rattles.
a) They may have been part of bison robes.
How do archaeologists know that cotton was used widely across the Rio Grande region in the 1400s?

a) There are loom holes in many kivas.

b) Cotton cloth is preserved at many sites.

c) Cotton fields are found at many sites.

d) Many skeletons' bones show that the people spun and wove extensively.
a) There are loom holes in many kivas.
(T/F) The collaborative archaeology described at Pojoaque Pueblo involved hiring Tewa people to excavate the ancestral site of K'uuyemugeh.
False
Other sets by this creator