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LGM - Exam 2 - Ch. 8

Terms in this set (74)

Collaborative governance arrangements call upon ____.
Public administrators to engage in and sometimes share authority with intergovernmental organizations in order to successfully tackle problems that often do not respect jurisdictional boundaries.
Who typically has a vested interest, or stake, in the work of a city of county?
- Employees
- Citizens
- Clientele of the governmental agency
- Representatives of nonprofit or community orgs
- Private for-nonprofit sector
- Businesses
- Volunteers
- Faith-based groups
Who are the largest group of stakeholders?
Citizens who are the owners of government in their roles as voters and taxpayers.
Today, engaging citizens in the work of governance is not only mandated by many federal state programs ____.
it is also recognized by practitioners and scholars as an effective approach for improving decision making and execution.
The term "citizen participation" has evolved since _____.
the 1930s
What did Ben Berger have to say about citizen participation in 2009?
"Engagement connotes activity and attention, an investment of energy and a consciousness of our purpose."
During the 1960s and 70s, the term "citizen control" was used with respect to _____.
programs impacting central cities, minority neighborhoods, and poor citizens, reflecting the community power movement at that time.
In 2006, how was the citizen engagement process defined?
"ability and incentive for ordinary people to come together, deliberate and take action on problems or issues that they themselves have defined as 'important'"
What are the two general rationales for including thosse affected by a program in the planning, priority-setting, decision-making, and implementation stages?
1. Engagement is key to building citizenship. According to Robert Denhardt, engagement builds a sense of community identity and responsibility. It is the right thing to do.
2. Engagement produces better outcomes in terms of identifying and responding to needs of the targeted populations or areas and achieves more buy-in from both funding agencies and affected citizens.
Empirical evidence of the value added to both public agencies and citizens resulting from engagement is ______.
sparse
Early in the history of the United States, citizen involvement in government was limited to ____.
Voting. Given the legal restrictions that determined who was eligible to vote at the time, this meant that a large proportion of the public was not engaged in government at all.
When did progressives begin arguing for a greater role for citizens and more government transparency to facilitate citizen oversight?
early 1900s
Who has been an early leader in the citizen participation movement?
Federal government
What are early examples of federal government citizen participation movement?
- Role of tribal organizations in dealing with the Bureau of Indian Affairs and the Indian Division of the PHS service
- Use of advisory committees of private citizens in the decision-making process for research grant wards by the National Science Foundation
- Dept of Agriculture
- Model City Program
- Federal lege requiring citizen participation
When was the Community Action under the Economic Opportunity Act and City Demonstration Agencies under the Model Cities Act?
1960s
What is the Community Action Agencies under the Economic Opportunity Act?
Cornerstone on the Johnson admin's War on Poverty
What was the City Demonstration Agency under the Model Cities Act?
Spearheaded the Johnson admin's efforts to revitalize urban neighborhoods
The citizens in the 1960s and Community Action agencies, etc, were predominately ___.
Poor minority groups, non affluent whites, who were more neighborhood- than city-wide oriented
What was the overall goal of citizen engagement in 1960s
Partnership between the local agency and neighborhood organizations and their representatives to alleviate poverty and rebuild communities.
What is the chief vehicle for the spread of citizen participation?
Grant-in-aid program
A study by the US Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations found that as of December 1979, requirements for various types of citizen participation were attached to how many federal grant programs?
155, at which time about one third of the total number of programs and accounting for 80% of the grant funds.
The ACIR identified ___ different forms of participation, ranging from ____.
31; speaking at public hearings to serving on a committee that has some control on decisions;
In the 70s, what were the most common forms of engagement?
Advisory committees and public hearings
True or false: city and county governing bodies allocate public comment time on their meeting agendas?
True.
How have states sought to promote greater transparency and access?
Enacting open-meeting and open-record laws and providing for citizen comments in agency rule-making under administrative procedure acts.
Homeowners associations and other neighborhood organizations provide services in many localities and serve as vehicles for ____.
Self-governance
What is the best example of the coproducer role?
Volunteer fire departments in small- and medium-sized communities across the country.
According to the National Fire Protection, in 2014, ___ of the firefighters were careerists, while ___ were volunteers.
31%, 69%
___% of volunteer fire-fighters serve jurisdictions under 25,000 in population?
95
The initiative and referendum was introduced to some states and localities by what?
The Progressive movement. Gave voting options and opportunity to recall elected officials
Initiative and referendum, the instruments of direct democracy and bypass representative democracy and the legislative process, are found in how many states and enable citizens to place policy proposals where?
27; on the general election ballot or vote to confirm legislative actions and make public policy.
State ballot measures include ___.
Proposals for tax increases and bond issuances for transportation and other infrastructure purposes.
How many states permit citizens to recall a public official by direct vote before their term of office expires?
18
What are the anticipated costs of involving citizens in the govt process?
Staff time, expense, and opening the govt up to criticism
What are the benefits of citizen engagement related to the QUALITY of the public policy solutions or decisions?
-Both citizens and staff will have a better understanding of problems and needs, options, and priorities;
- Decisions will be improved in terms of their administrative feasibility and political acceptance
Potential benefits of engaging the public relates to OUTCOMES from the resulting policies or decisions?
- Greater buy-in of outcomes by both affected citizens and agency representatives;
- Citizen representatives will facilitate getting the word out to the community as to what action the local government is taking and why
How does citizen participation make better citizens and communities?
- Community representative in decision-making will promote community-building and reduce anti-governmental sentiments
- Citizen engagement efforts serve as an intro to the ways citizens can get involved and may lead to more extensive types
- Decision making will be open and more transparent, which will help build citizen trust in government
Social engagement is especially useful for ___.
Diffusing highly emotional policy deliberation and for finding the most satisfactory policy solution for a community when there is disagreement about the direction.
What is a major problem when citizens are not engaged?
Mismatch between the assessment of needs and priorities by citizens and by public administrators.
Top-down, us-vs.-them staff attitudes fuel what?
Alienation, distrust of government.
Engagement is challenging because __-.
Citizen participation in local government has historically been low, both at the ballot box or in other venues.
Since the 1970s, pols show that citizens have a positive or negative view of local government compared to state and federal?
Positive; this could facilitate engagement.
What were the results of the 2009 survey by Kincaid and Cole regarding govt trust?
62% of the respondents believed that local govts are trustworthy

55% of states are trustworhy

50% of federal governments are trustworthy
What were the results of the 2009 survey by Kincaid and Cole regarding govt delivering the most for the money?
31% localities

29% for federal government

26% for states
Local officials may be concerned about ___
A lack of "legitimacy for action" on problems or issues confronting their communty
Citizens see their cities and counties as being ___
on the front lines in providing basic services such as schools, water, and sewer services, police and fire protection, parks and rec, road maintainence, trash collection, and libraries
Elected officials and public administrators sometimes complain about what price tag from being so close to citizens?
They live in a fishbowl with no privacy
The ___ witnessed an upsurge of federally mandated or promoted citizen participation initiatives, mostly as crosscutting requirements accompanying grant-in-aid programs.
1960s
The most influential examinations of the range and results of participation in the 1960s was conducted by ___.
Sherry Arnstein
When Arnstein developed a typology of participation depicting the interplay between the powerless and powerholders, what exames did he use?
Examples from the federal urban renewal, antipoverty, and model cities programs. `
What are at the lowest rungs of Arnstein's model?
Manipulation and therapy; PAs and EOs are privileged as officials seek to educate or remediate citizens through service on rubber stamp advisory committees or neighborhood councils.

To Arnstein, these steps are non-participatory for the citizens and are chiefly public relations vehicles for the powerholders.
What are the middle three steps of Arnstein's model?
Informing, consultation, and placation.

Involve officials providing information and seeking advice. Citizen surveys, neighborhood meetings, and public hearings are common in this category. These steps are mainly one-dimensional and there is no assurance that citizen voices will be heard, advice will be heeded, and the status quo will be changed.
What are the highest rungs of Arnstein's model?
Three degrees of power distribition: partnership, delegated power, and citizen control. Partnerships involve negotiations and trade-offs between citizens and officials, bc of citizen anger and protests that attract media and federal attention. At the top are actions that give citizens a voting majority on decision-making bodies or control of policy and managment (ie est of neighborhood corporation or decentralization of public services such as police, schools, etc)
In 1971, what did Dayton city council do?
Awarded grants to 7 neighborhood priority boards that served as the voice for the city's 65 neighborhoods and were recognized as Dayton's citizen participation structure.
How did Dayton change in 2014?
Changed its engagement strategy and stopped funding the priority boards due to concerns about insufficient neighborhood organizational volunteer leadership and combination of some boards by longtime members.

The revamped system, boards were not acting as intermediaries and distributing money to neighborhoods groups and businesses. All three orgs were considered as equals by the city in the competition for funding.
What is the International Association of Public Participation (IAP2)
Features a continuum of participation moving from inform to consult to involve to collaborate to empower. Helpful to both citizens and public officials are promises made to the public by the latter at each stage together with the tools or techniques that are appropriate, given the level of public input being sought.
Two concerns about e-engagement?
1. May be too customer-service oriented and one dimensional. Not authentic.
2. Social equity concerns; e-government is available to those who have access to technology but could affect disadvantaged citizens. People may have access to a computer but not know how to use it.
Where disparities in e-government exist, ___.
caution should be taken not to rely too much for social media to determine how to provide or prioritize services.
Social media is (dependent/independent) on form of government or population size.
not dependent
Literature hypothesizes that _____ localities and ____ are more likely to use social media.
council-manager; larger units
What is the most-common use of e-government?
Involved sharing information about local meetings and events and transacting services such as paying taxes, fees, or fines; registering for local athletic teams; renewing library books and DVDs
Leadership in promoting citizen engagement has shifted from the ___.
Federal government to municipalities and counties.
What did John Nalbandian argue in 2008?
Citizen engagement is no longer optional; imperative for manager to use in bridging the growing gap between political accessibility and admin feasibility.
What did Valerie Lemmie argue in 2008?
Engagement needs to join economy, efficiency, effectiveness, and equity as the fifth core component of the manager's value bc "never before has the gulf bw citizens and their government been so wide, frustrations and anger so high, and the solutions so elusive"
Robust citizen engagement efforts are ___.
multidimensional and entail citizens playing some or all of five roles that are key to aligning performance information with programs and services that citizens value.
Five roles key to aligning performance information with programs and services that citizens value
1. Stakeholders who have expectations about local services and views on how well they are performed; 2
2. Advocates on behalf of community interests, needs, and priorities;
3. Issue framers for community visions, goals, strategies, alternatives, and outcomes;
4. Evaluators and coproducers to help achieve community goals;
5. Collaborators and coproducers to help achieve community goals
As local governments embark on the challenging journey from performance measurement to performance management, the most crucial of these five roles is ___.
Issue framing
The effectiveness of citizen engagement depends on
Having the appropriate structure and process
What is planned engagement?
Brings diverse groups together either as individuals or as representatives in semiformal, facilitated settings to plan and problem solve.
Local officials manipulate the engagement process to achieve ___.
Predetermined outcomes
Elected officials and public employees sometimes complain that the participating citizens ____.
Don't represent the broader community
States have led the movement to promote ___.
Greater transparency, access to open meetings and open record laws.
Exs of citizen participation groups.
Neighborhood crime watch, adopt a highway programs, Friends of the Library, Recycling, Crime stopper programs, National night out.
International Association of Public Participation Spectrum
- Moving from informing to consulting
- Involving from collaboration to empowerment
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