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Kin 105 McLendon Final

Terms in this set (131)

The first developmental task of young adults is to
form an initial adult identity.
Young adults should develop their social skills, because it is important to have good communication, listening and ______________ skills.
conflict management
Intimate relationships are important because they provide us with others with whom we can
share our deepest thoughts and aspirations.
Which of the following is the best example of generativity?
Contributing spare time to chaperone your children's school trips.
Rehabilitation restores a physical function, while remediation replaces the function with an alternative to the area of loss. (T/F)
True
Mortality refers to the incidence of death. (T/F)
True
Which term best describes the process in which individuals or groups gain increasing control over their health?
Empowerment
Health promotion programs are not legally defined as medical practices and thus do not require the involvement of physicians. (T/F)
True
During which of Prochaska's Stages of Change would an individual think about making a change in behavior but have no actual intention of stopping in the next few months.
Contemplation Stage
People who have good emotional health tend to
enjoy life more
The significant contribution that the occupational dimension makes to the wellness movement
is that it defines for many the importance of the workplace to their sense of well-being.
The new definition of health that is proposed takes into account the difference between what health is for (its role) and what health is (its composition). (T/F)
True
Students who, for whatever reason, are pursuing undergraduate work at an age other than the 18-24 year-old student are referred to as__________. What are some reasons behind why someone would to delay going school out of high school.
Non-traditional student
The US Department of Health and Human Services established a program called ______________________: Understanding and Improving Health. The two main goals are (1) increasing quality and years of life and (2) eliminating health disparities in areas such as gender, race, and ethnicity as well as income and educational level.
Healthy People 2020
Holistic health is the view of health in terms of only physical makeup: (T/F)
False
Physician-centered medical care in which areas in risk for chronic illnesses are identified so that they might be lowered
Preventive or prospective medicine
A biomedical index sycg as serum cholesterol level or a behavioral pattern such as smoking, associated with a chronic illness
Risk factors
A behavioral pattern, such as smoking, associated with a high risk of developing a chronic illness
High-risk health behavior
The nurturing of an individual's or group's ability to be responsible for their own health and well-being
Empowerment
Psychological health has also been associated with developing and maintaining all but the following.
high level of self-motivation
Psychologically healthy people tend
to accept life's disappointments.
What refers to "the ability to understand others and act wisely in human relations."
Emotional intelligence
Which of the following is false regarding nonverbal communication?
It is not a powerful means of communication.
Research shows that a sense of humor has no effect on physical healing. (T/F)
False
Pervasiveness refers to whether you perceive events as specific or general. (T/F)
True
Actively taking charge of your psychological health begins with
constructing a mental picture of what you are like.
Which strategy for enhancing your psychological health implies a willingness to honor the truthfulness of the perceptions you have formed about yourself and other people?
accepting mental pictures
What chemicals is said to be deficient in people with depression?
Serotonin
Exercise and activity levels do not play a role in alleviating and insulating people from depression. (T/F)
False
Which of the following is not true regarding suicide?
Asian Americans are the highest risk group to complete suicide.
Bipolar disorder is most commonly treated with
drug therapy and psychotherapy.
Unlike other mental health professionals, psychiatrists are
medical doctors
One of the defining characteristics of schizophrenia is
profound distortions in one's personality.
Which of the following is true regarding counselors? They
tend to work in clinics and schools and specialize in areas such as sexual assault and substance abuse.
the innate factors that genetically determine personality traits
Nature
The effects that the environment, people, and external factors have on personality
Nurture
Highest level of psychological health, at which one reaches his/her highest potential and values truth, beauty, goodness, faith, love, hunger, and ingenuity.
Self-actualization
Deficiency needs that are viewed as essential and fundamental, including physiological needs, safety and security, belonging and love, and esteem needs
Basic needs
Secondary concerns, such as spirituality, creativity, curiosity, beauty, philosophy, and justice, that can be addressed only after the basic needs are met
Metaneeds
What is stress? How is it linked to your physical and psychological health?
The physical and psychological state of disruption caused by an event. It is linked to physical health because stress is connected to one's fight-or-flight response and how their body reacts to stressful situations. It is linked to psychological health because our minds can affect how our bodies react to stress.
List at least five unique stressors students can experience.
1. Interpersonal Stressors- homesickness, relationship problems, balancing schedule
2. Academic Stressors
3. Internal Stressors- procrastination, perfectionism, goal setting/time management
4. Job Stressors
5. Environmental Stressors
What is the number one stressor for students according to the book? 52% of students state that this is what causes them the most problems.
Procrastination
Name five psychological tools for stress management and explain how they work?
1. Sleep- too much or too little can affect stress levels
2. Exercise- exercising three times a week for 30 minutes can help manage stress
3. Nutrition- too much or too little can affect stress levels
4. Mind-Body Approaches- massage therapy, acupuncture, and medicine can help with relaxation
5. Relaxation and Deep Breathing- opposite of the body's normal stress response
Most adults require how many hours of sleep a night?
7-9 hours
The body's primary means of energy production, used when the respiratory and circulatory systems can process and transport sufficient oxygen to muscle cells to convert fuel to energy.
Aerobic energy production
cessation or lack of menstrual periods.
Amenorrhea
drugs that function like testosterone to produce increases in weight, strength, endurance, and aggressiveness.
anabolic steroids
the body's alternative means of energy production, used when the available oxygen is insufficient for aerobic energy production; anaerobic energy production is a much less efficient use of stored energy.
anaerobic energy production
a "bouncing" form of stretching in which a muscle group is lengthened repetitively to produce multiple quick, forceful stretches.
ballistic stretching
- the ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to transport oxygen required by muscle cells so that they can contract over a period of time. Cardiorespiratory endurance is produced by exercise that require continuous, repetitive movements.
cardiorespiratory
the length of exercise time of each training session; for aerobic fitness 20 - 60 minutes per session are recommended.
duration
supplements that are taken to improve athletic performance.
ergogenic aids
a subcategory of physical activity; it is planned, structured, repetitive, and purposive in the sense that an improvement or maintenance of physical fitness is an objective.
exercise
the ability of joints to function through an intended range of motions.
flexibility
the number of exercise sessions per week; for aerobic fitness 3 to 5 days are recommended
frequency
the level of effort put into an activity; for aerobic fitness 50% to 85% of heart rate range is recommended.
intensity
muscular strength-training exercises in which machines are used to provide variable resistances throughout the full range of motion.
isokinetic exercise
muscular strength-training exercises in which the resistance is so great that the object cannot be moved.
isometric exercise
- muscular strength-training exercises in which traditional barbells and dumbbells with fixed resistances are used.
isotonic resistance exercises
the aspect of muscular fitness that deals with the ability of a muscle or muscle group to repeatedly contract over a long period of time.
muscular endurance
the aspect of muscular fitness that deals with the ability to contract skeletal muscles to a maximal level; the maximal force that a muscle can exert.
muscular fitness
the component of physical fitness that deals with the ability to contract skeletal muscles to a maximal level; the maximal force that a muscle can exert.
muscular strength
arthritis that develops with age; largely caused by weight bearing and deterioration of the joints.
osteoarthritis
loss of calcium from the bone, seen primarily in postmenopausal women.
osteoporosis
- the principle whereby a person gradually increases the resistance load that must be moved or lifted; this principle also applies to other types of fitness training.
overload principle
any body movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure.
physical activity
a set of attributes that people have or achieve that relates to the ability to perform physical activity.
physical fitness
A reduction in the size of the muscle fibers, related to the aging process.
sarcopenia
the slow lengthening of a muscle group to an extended stretch; followed by a holding of the extended position for 10 - 30 seconds.
static stretching
the number of times per minute the heart must contract to produce a cardiorespiratory training effect.
target heart rate
Robyn wants to increase her flexibility. What recommendation should she follow during stretching? She should
warm up with slow, rhythmic movements prior to stretching.
Delina is a collegiate gymnast. She suffers from bulimia, amenorrhea, and osteoporosis. Her condition is known as
the female triad.
Which of the following best describes the damage caused by long-term illegal use of anabolic steroids?
It has multiple negative effects on both the body and the mind.
Thirty-year-old Linda will improve her cardiorespiratory fitness if her heart rate reaches a sustained 130 beats per minute during exercise. (T/F)
True
What functions do minerals have in the body? What is a trace element?
Minerals function in structural components like in muscles, teeth, hormones, and hemoglobin. They also function with regulation of body processes, such as heart functions, muscle contractions, blood clotting, and other functions. A trace elements are minerals whose presence in the body occurs in very small amounts, such as calcium, sulfur, sodium, and more.
What is the recommendation for daily fluid intake?
The general recommendation for daily fluid intake is 2.7 liters for a woman and 3.7 for a male.
Which nutrients supply the body with calories?
Nutrients that supply the body with calories and are sources of energy are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
What is the principal role of protein in the body? How can complete protein be obtained by people who eat few or no animal products.
The principal role of proteins in the body are for growth and maintenance of tissue as well as a source of energy and acid base balance in the body. People who obtain few or no animal products must learn how to provide complete proteins in their body by eating a certain diet of incomplete proteins like grains, seeds, legumes, and other foods.
What information can be obtained from our current food labels?
Serving size, calorie count per serving, calories from fat, total fat, cholesterol, sodium, carbohydrates, protein, vitamins, ingredients, and more depending on the food.
Identify and explain the three steps in the process of addiction.
The three steps in the process of addiction exposure, compulsion, and loss of control. In exposure, the individual begins to interact with a substance or activity that is enjoyable to them and begins to become more invested and focused on it. In compulsion, the individual begins to spend increasing amounts of time with the substance or activity they were exposed to. They also begin to have a degeneration of quality of life because of their compulsion. In loss of control, the individual tries to focus on never experiencing the lows or drawbacks from their dependency, furthering their degeneration of life.
Identify and explain the various factors that influence the absorption of alcohol. Why is it important to be aware of these factors?
Some factors that influence the absorption of alcohol are as follows:
- Alcohol concentration - the more alcohol included in the drink consumed, the higher the absorption of alcohol
- Number of drinks consumed - if there are multiple drinks consumed, the higher the absorption of alcohol
- Speed of consumption - if an alcoholic beverage is consumed quickly, the alcohol will have a more intense effect on the individual
- Presence of food - if there is food that has been consumed or is actively being consumed, the lower the intensity of absorption of alcohol
- Degree of hydration - if the individual has consumed water, the more diluted the alcohol absorption
- Genetics - genetics can determine the intensity of the effects of the absorption of alcohol
- Race/ethnicity - race and ethnicity can determine the intensity of the effects of absorption of alcohol
- Gender - gender can determine the intensity of the effects of absorption of alcohol
Define the word tolerance. What does cross-tolerance mean? Give an example of cross-tolerance.
Tolerance is the body's ability to adapt and become familiar with the effects of different substances and drugs. Cross-tolerance is when the tolerance of one drug carries over to another drug. One example is depressive drugs like alcohol and sedatives, as someone who consumes a large amount of alcohol regularly would need a larger amount of a sedative to have the same effect as it would on someone who does not consume alcohol.
What is BAC? Describe the general sequence of physiological events that takes place when a person drinks alcohol at a rate faster then the liver can oxidize it.
BAC is also known as blood alcohol content, which is the amount of alcohol in the blood. The physiological events that take place when a person drinks alcohol at a rate faster than the liver can oxidize it are as follows:
1. Mood change and behavior change; judgement impaired
2. Motor skills, speech, vision, hearing impaired
3. Chance of alcohol intoxication increases
4. Feeling disoriented and increased potential of blackouts at .20% to .40%
5. Around .40% increases chances of coma and death
Differentiate among drug misuse, drug abuse, and drug dependence.
- Drug misuse - inappropriate use of drugs intended to be medications
- Drug abuse - use of a drug that is detrimental to health
- Drug dependence - a physical or psychological need to continue to use a drug
What is the current directions that adolescents smoking is taking?
Adolescent smoking started to rise since 1995 when it was only 14%, but now it has started to decrease again and linger from 21%.
What is the principle effect on carbon monoxide on cardiac function?
Carbon monoxide is a chemical compound that can "inactivate" red blood cells. When carbon monoxide is inhaled, it bonds with hemoglobin and forms carboxyhemoglobin, which prevents hemoglobin to transport oxygen to the tissues and cells when needed. This effects cardiac function because the heart needs oxygenated blood cells so it can pump the blood out to the rest of the body. If the blood cells are not oxygenated, it can be more difficult on the heart and other parts of the body.
In comparison to cigarettes, what are the health risks associated with pipe and cigar smoking?
Pipe and cigar smokers are more likely to have cancer in the esophagus, mouth, throat, and larynx. Cigarette smokers are more likely to get lung cancer and diseases like heart disease.
What effect does nicotine have on the body outside of the central nervous system? How does the influence nicotine resemble that associated with the stress response?
The effect that nicotine has outside of the central nervous system is that it can send fake impulses to muscles, can effect respiration, heart rate, blood pressure, and coronary blood flow. Stress responses can look similar as the symptoms of a stress response often looks like an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and coronary blood flow.
How do modeling and manipulation explain the development of emotional dependence on tobacco?
Modeling often makes the smoker believe that their popularity will grow as a result of smoking or that they will receive more affection from those around them. They begin to depend on smoking when they feel as if they will be rewarded with love as a result of smoking. Manipulation often is when the smoker uses smoking to fill a void in their lives, which develops a dependency to smoke when they feel like they need to fill the void.
Of the following cardiovascular diseases, which causes the most deaths?
Coronary heart disease
Most of the heart's pumping action occurs in the
Ventricles
About how many quarts of blood does the average-sized adult's body contain?
5 quarts
The six controllable risk factors for cardiovascular disease are smoking, physical activity, blood pressure, obesity, diabetes, and
Blood cholesterol
The most beneficial way to lower blood cholesterol is to
start an exercise program and eat a heart-healthy diet.
The buildup of fatty deposits in coronary arteries that leads to narrowed arteries and blockages is called
atherosclerosis
A heart attack occurs when
heart muscle dies for lack of oxygen.
Quitting smoking will rapidly reduce your risk of developing heart disease. (T/F)
True
High-density lipoproteins are called "good cholesterol" because they
help to remove cholesterol from the bloodstream.
A procedure to open blocked arteries by squeezing a tiny "balloon" between plaque deposits is called
Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
In a blood pressure reading, the systolic pressure measures pressure in the
blood vessels when the heart contracts
The most common type of stroke is
cerebrovascular occlusion
Rubella can cause congenital defects in unborn children when
the mother contracts it early in her pregnancy
A transient ischemic attack is considered to be a warning sign for
Stroke
A condition in which blood flow to the legs, feet, and hands is restricted by damaged blood vessels is called
peripheral artery disease
Adult-onset form of dementia resulting from loss of acetylcholine production within specific areas of the brain
Alzheimer's disease
An immune response against the tissues of a person's own body.
autoimmune
noncancerous; tumors that do not spread.
benign
cancer prevention using food, food supplements, or medications thought to bolster the immune system or reduce the damage caused by carcinogens.
chemoprevention
examination of the entire length of the colon, using a flexible fiberoptic scope to inspect the structure's inner lining.
colonoscopy
a fissure, break, or hole in the wall of an organ.
fistula
pattern of walking
gait
an inherited tendency to develop a disease process if necessary environmental factors exist.
genetic predisposition
a hormone produced by the islet cells of the pancreas that is necessary for the normal utilization of glucose
insulin
Outside the living body, in an artificial environment.
in vitro
a surgical treatment for breast cancer in which a minimal amount of breast tissue is removed; when appropriate, this procedure is an alternative to mastectomy, in which the entire breast and underlying tissue are removed.
lumpectomy
the spread of cancerous cells from their site of origin to other areas of the body.
metastasis
faulty regulatory genes that are believed to activate the development of cancer.
oncogenes
a cancer screening procedure in which cells are removed from the cervix and examined for precancerous changes.
pap test
surgical removal of the breasts to prevent breast cancer in women who are at high risk of developing the disease.
prophylactic mastectomy
surgical removal of the ovaries to prevent ovarian cancer in women at high risk of developing the disease.
prophylactic oophorectomy
a blood test used to identify prostate-specific antigen, an early indicator that the immune system has recognized and mounted a defense against prostate cancer.
prostate-specific antigen test (PSA)
normal regulatory genes that may become oncogenes.
proto-oncogenes
genes that control cell specialization replication, DNA repair, and tumor suppression.
regulatory genes
thickening or hardening of tissues.
sclerotic changes
examination of the sigmoid colon (lowest section of the large intestine), using a short, flexible, fiberoptic scope
sigmoidoscopy
mass of cells; may be cancerous (malignant) or nocancerous (benign).
tumor
What are the theories underlying acupuncture and ayurveda?
Acupuncture is familiar to Americans because of the 3,000-year-old Chinese medical system in which one balances the active and passive forces within the patient's body to strengthen their life force. Acupuncture uses herbs, food, diet, massage, and exercise, as well as placing needles at particular places in the body to further stimulate their life force.
Ayurveda is older than acupuncture, but it originates in India as a way to balance the internal and external need for well-being. The five elements (space, fire, air, water, and earth), also known as dosha, can be unbalanced by lifestyle patterns, stress, and other factors.
What are the three criteria that must be met by an OTC drug?
1. Must be safe
2. Must be effective
3. Must be for a condition that the patient can manage without supervision by a licensed health professional
What is a health maintenance organization? How do HMO plans reduce the costs of health care? What are the IPAs and PPOs?
HMO is an organization that provides its members with basic healthcare services for a fixed price and for a given time period. Cost containment is achieved because most medical services within a group model HMO are centralized, and there is little duplication of facilities, equipment, or support staff. IPAs (independent practice associations) is a modified form of an HMO that uses a group of doctors who offer prepaid services out of their own offices and not in a central HMO facility. PPOs (preferred provider organizations) is a group of private practitioners who sell their services at reduced rates to insurance companies.
Describe the similarities between allopathic and osteopathic physicians. What is an alternative health care practitioner? Give examples of the types of alternative practitioners.
They both can function as primary care physicians or as board certified specialists. Alternative health care practitioners are health care alternatives within the larger healthcare market. Some examples would be chiropractors, acupuncture, ayurveda.
What is health quackery? What can a consumer do to avoid consumer fraud?
Health quackery is the wrong functioning and working of certain things in the field of medicine. A consumer can avoid consumer fraud through careful selection of health-related information, products, and services.
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