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ENTM 4002 Final (Insect Reproduction)

Terms in this set (28)

_____________ are critical to eliminating the poop from cow pastures
-lay their eggs in the dung and the babies eat the dung
-We are protecting cows from heartworm through avermectins (same thing you give your dog)
-This is excreted in the cow feces and killing the dung beetle babies
-Dung stays on cow pastures leading to hoof rot
Dung beetles
_______________:
-Perform traumatic insemination
-Male penis punches a whole in the abdomen of the female and inseminates through the injury.
-Sperm migrate aimlessly to reproductive tract.
-Once the male finishes, he secretes a glutinous secretion that plugs the female and glues her genital tract closed
Bed bugs
_______________:
-Some species have a second penis that points the wrong direction
-Both penises are designed to snap off in case of an emergency
-Cringe inducing = earwig penis is the length of their entire body
-Males live and mate with second penis, female has hard time mating again
Earwigs
_______________:
-Common in kitchens and labs
-Attack of GIANT sperm
-The males produce sperm that are 2.3 inches long, 20 times longer than the entire fly
-The testes make up 10.6% of their body weight so in a 150-pound human their scrotum would be 16 pounds!
-Fertilization with giant sperm is 100% and it plugs up the female
Drosophila:
_______________:
-Beetle penises are studded and have tons of spines
-Female bean beetles are routinely injured and develop scars
-Researchers shaved off the spines (with a laser not a razor) and although the male still successfully mated, offspring was significantly reduced
-Coming to find out, 40% of the sperm travel into the female body cavity through the cuts. A chemical also exists in the ejaculate that affects female fertility, and the cuts increase absorption of this chemical
Beetles
_______________:
-Female lures in with pheromones and if the male is "good enough" then he hitches a ride on the larger female and begins to copulate
-The female chews off the males' head during/after sex. Not all the time. About 1 in 25 times.
-Two primary theories supported by research -
1) male thrusts more vigorously without his head
2) Provides nutrients to female and subsequent offspring
Preying Mantids
______________ = penis
Aedeagus
________________ = packaged sperm
Spermatophore
_________________ = female chamber to receive spermatophore
Spermatheca
Stages of female reproduction:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
o Production of an oocyte.

o Provisioning of the oocyte with yolk and other components.

o Chorionation of the oocyte

o Fertilization of the egg.

o Oviposition
1. Stem cells called _________ in the terminal filament undergo meiosis to produce the oocyte.
A. Likewise, prefollicular cells divide and differentiate into the __________ epithelial cells.
1. oogonia
A. follicular
The ovarian structure:
1. ___________________= no nurse cells

2. __________________ = - nurse cells remain in the germarium and extend to the oocyte.

3. ___________________ = nurse cells are associated directly with the oocyte.
1.Panoistic - no nurse cells

2.Meroistic Telotrophic - nurse cells remain in the germarium and extend to the oocyte

3.Meroistic Polytrophic - nurse cells are associated directly with the oocyte.
What do you find in a mature egg?
1. 10% ______________
2. 90% ______________
3. _____________________
4. ___________________
1. 10% Euplasm
2. 90% Yolk
3. Vitelline membrane
4. Chorion
_____________ contains much of the cellular machinery that the oocyte will need to initiate embryogenesis including components such as mitochondria and other organelles, ribosomes, RNAs, hormones, and micronutrients.
Euplasm
The nurse cells provide this euplasm in _________ ovaries (both polytrophic and telotrophic), while the follicular epithelium provides the euplasm in __________ ovarioles.
meroistic ovaries ; panoistic ovarioles
What is yolk?
1. ___________, primarily triacylglycerol and lipids attached to yolk proteins, accounts for roughly 40% of the egg dry mass.
2. Protein makes up much of the remaining dry mass of the ____________ (40-50%).
3. 60-90% of egg proteins are _______ derived from vitellogenin.
4. A substantial portion are ____________ (10-15%).
1. Lipids
2. terminal oocyte
3. vittelins
4. lipophorins
__________________:
o A large multimeric protein synthesized primarily in the fat body and transported to the ovary in the blood (~ 400-600kDa).
o Most insects have a ______________ that is composed of both large and small subunits (~120-200kDa and ~40-60kDa).
o There is significant evolutionary homology between insect and vertebrate _______________.
·
Vitellogenin
___________ (or YPs) are primarily synthesized in the fat body and transported to the oocyte through the hemolymph.
Vitellogenins
How does vitellogenin from the blood or follicular epithelial cells get into the oocyte? _____________.
Patency is the process by which the follicular epithelial cells contract so that there are small spaces between the cells which the bloodborne vitellogenin can pass through.
Once the Vg gets through the patent follicular epithelium cells, how does it pass into the oocyte?
- Why doesn't everything from the hemolymph pass into the oocyte
Receptor mediated endocytosis in the mosquito oocyte.
Once the vitellogenins are taken up into the egg, they are slightly modified and are called ____________.
Vitellins
Paternity Assurance:
1.
2.
3.
1. Blocking (bees --The drone everts his penis using a contraction of abdominal muscles and inserts it tightly into the reproductive tract. Ejaculation is such an explosive force that the tip of his penis ruptures and stays in the queen)

2. Anti-attractiveness

3. sperm removal (dragonflies -- Males use their claspers for mate guarding. Secondary genitalia are used to transfer the sperm) (Also, Odonata will scoop any other males sperm out).
Important components of male reproduction:
1.
2.
3.
1. Sperm production
2. Sperm delivery
3. Successful fertilization
Direct insemination & sperm competition:
-In Drosophila melanogaster, if the female mates with 2 males, the _______ male will get ~80% of the parentage. Last male precedence.
2nd male
Non-sperm components of the seminal fluid are produced primarily in the male ___________(s). Regional specialization has been found in glands of some species.
accessory gland
1. Larvae of the moth Utetheisa feed on plants that contain _________________(PAs) and the caterpillars, adults, and even eggs are protected from predators by these PAs. Eggs contain PAs contributed from both their mother and father. Males contribute PAs to females in their spermatophore during mating. Could these PAs protect the females as well as the eggs?

A.Reared females and males in the lab on artificial diets that did or did not contain PAs and determined whether spiders in the field would eat them. Males contribute to female defenses!
pyrrolizidine alkaloids
After mating, female insects are often refractory to further mating and show increased egg laying. This effect can last hours or days.
1. In Drosophila melanogaster, a "Sex Peptide" produced by the male accessory glands is thought to mediate this effect.

A.To determine whether Sex-Peptide is responsible for this effect, Mariana Wolfner and Linda Partridge's groups used RNAi to "knock down" production of the Sex-Peptide protein. The Knock-down of sex-peptide promotes _____________.
B. Sex-Peptide also affects _____________
1. Sex Peptide
a. remating
b. egg-laying


There are more than 70 proteins in Drosophila seminal fluid. Sex peptide is not the only player!
How does insect sex work?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1. The swarm (Mayflies)
2. Visual cues (fireflies)
3. Stridulation (crickets)
4. Olfaction (pheromones)
5. Pheromones
6. Courtship/dancing)
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