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Chpt: 11-13 MindTap Nutrition

Terms in this set (72)

Which of the following would not aid fat-soluble vitamin digestion or absorption?
a. other lipids
b. sugars
c. pancreatic secretions
d. gallbladder secretions
sugars
The most biologically potent form of vitamin A is called:
a. retinoids.
b. retinal.
c. retinol.
d. retinoic acid.
retinol
Preformed vitamin A is found in all of the following foods except:
a. fatty fish.
b. liver.
c. produce.
d. dairy products.
produce
Vitamin A not taken up by tissues is mainly stored in:
a. muscle.
b. the kidneys.
c. the hypothalamus.
d. the liver.
the liver
Vitamin A is required for all of the following functions except:
a. growth.
b. antioxidant activity.
c. bone health.
d. immunity.
antioxidant activity
Diseases affecting all of the following except the ________ can cause a secondary vitamin A deficiency, associated with inadequate uptake of dietary vitamin A.
a. kidney
b. gastrointestinal tract
c. liver
d. pancreas
kidney
The Golden Rices are genetically modified to reduce the incidence of primary vitamin A deficiency in nonindustrialized countries by increasing their content of:
a. retinol.
b. lycopene.
c. lutein.
d. β-carotene.
β-carotene
Which fat-soluble vitamin is considered to be conditionally essential because it can be produced by the body?
a. vitamin D
b. vitamin A
c. vitamin E
d. vitamin K
vitamin D
Which of the following is not involved in the digestion, absorption or transport of vitamin D?
a. lymph
b. micelles
c. chylomicrons
d. portal blood
portal blood
The fat-soluble vitamin known as the sunshine vitamin is:
a. vitamin A.
b. vitamin K.
c. vitamin D.
d. vitamin E.
vitamin D
Active vitamin D (calcitriol) is a hormone that regulates blood calcium levels through its action on all of the following except:
a. bone.
b. the pancreas.
c. the small intestine.
d. the kidney.
the pancreas
Which of the following functions is related to both vitamin D and vitamin A?
a. vision
b. cell differentiation
c. nerve impulse transmission
d. immunity
cell differentiation
Recent research indicates that the incidence of rickets in infants in the United States is:
a. increasing.
b. nearly eradicated.
c. decreasing.
d. stable.
increasing
Low-intensity sunlight can lead to low vitamin D production in all of the following countries except:
a. the United States.
b. Scandinavian countries.
c. Mexico.
d. England.
Mexico
Abundant dietary sources of vitamin E include all of the following except:
a. broccoli.
b. beef.
c. fortified breakfast cereals.
d. almonds.
beef
Once taken up by the liver, vitamin E is then transported in blood associated with:
a. VLDLs.
b. HDLs.
c. LDLs.
d. albumin.
VLDLs
Like the carotenoids, vitamin E has the primary function of:
a. serving as an antioxidant.
b. vision.
c. bone maintenance.
d. immunity.
serving as an antioxidant
While more research is needed, vitamin E may play a role in reducing risk for each of the following diseases except:
a. osteomalacia.
b. cataracts.
c. heart disease.
d. cancer.
osteomalacia
A common condition occurring with vitamin E deficiency is:
a. vision problems.
b. hemolytic anemia.
c. infections.
d. bone loss.
hemolytic anemia
Which of the following is not involved in the digestion, absorption or transport of vitamin K?
a. lymph
b. chylomicrons
c. portal blood
d. micelles
portal blood
The conversion of clotting proteins prothrombin to thrombin and fibrinogen to fibrin for successful blood clotting requires which vitamin?
a. vitamin A
b. vitamin D
c. vitamin K
d. vitamin E
vitamin K
Which of the following does not influence blood clot formation?
a. vitamin E
b. Coumadin®
c. antibiotics
d. dark green vegetables
vitamin E
Toxicity is a concern for all of the fat-soluble vitamins except:
a. vitamin D.
b. vitamin E.
c. vitamin A.
d. vitamin K.
vitamin K
The process in which old, damaged, or poorly functioning cells undergo programmed cell death is called:
a. cachexia.
b. metastasis.
c. promotion.
d. apoptosis
apoptosis
The major dietary contributor of calcium in the typical American diet is:
a. dairy products.
b. fortified cereals.
c. dark green vegetables.
d. salmon.
dairy products
The bioavailability of dietary calcium is influenced by all of the following except:
a. protein.
b. phytates.
c. oxalates.
d. age.
protein
The hormone-triggered actions which increase blood calcium levels include all of the following except:
a. increased bone calcium resorption.
b. increased calcium absorption.
c. increased kidney resorption of calcium.
d. increased kidney loss of calcium.
increased kidney loss of calcium
The kind of bone cell that is involved in bone formation is the:
a. osteocyte.
b. osteoclast.
c. osteoblast.
d. osteopenia.
osteoblast
The structural matrix of bones and teeth is composed of all of the following elements except:
a. phosphorus.
b. calcium.
c. zinc.
d. magnesium.
zinc
Calcium is critical for each of the following functions except:
a. nerve transmission.
b. blood clotting.
c. antioxidant protection.
d. muscle contraction.
antioxidant protection
Symptoms of calcium toxicity include all of the following except:
a. calcium deposits in soft tissues.
b. reduced mineral absorption.
c. impaired kidney function.
d. increased bone density.
increased bone density
Blood phosphorus concentrations are regulated by all of the following hormones except:
a. parathyroid hormone.
b. calcitriol.
c. calcitonin.
d. thyroid hormone.
thyroid hormone
Which major mineral is present in most foods and is also obtained from processed foods and some soft drinks?
a. potassium
b. calcium
c. phosphorus
d. sodium
phosphorus
Functions of phosphorus include all of the following except:
a. fluid balance.
b. energy metabolism.
c. bones and teeth.
d. acid-base balance.
fluid balance
Symptoms of severe magnesium deficiency mainly include:
a. heart problems.
b. anemia.
c. bone loss.
d. abnormal nerve and muscle function.
abnormal nerve and muscle function
Good dietary sources of magnesium include all of the following except:
a. green leafy vegetables.
b. whole grains.
c. refined foods.
d. legumes.
refined foods
Table salt is composed of the two minerals:
a. sodium and magnesium.
b. sodium and chloride.
c. sodium and phosphorus.
d. sodium and potassium.
sodium and chloride
A teaspoon of salt contains this amount of sodium:
a. 1000 mg.
b. 500 mg.
c. 2000 mg.
d. 5000 mg.
2000 mg
All of the following work together to maintain healthy levels of blood sodium except:
a. renin.
b. angiotensin.
c. antidiuretic hormone.
d. aldosterone.
antidiuretic hormone
Major roles of sodium include all of the following except:
a. enzyme cofactor.
b. fluid balance.
c. nerve function.
d. muscle contractions.
enzyme cofactor
Sodium and chloride deficiencies are rare and are most likely to occur in all of the following except:
a. endurance athletes.
b. diarrhea.
c. insufficient intake.
d. vomiting.
insufficient intake
The main cation inside cells is:
a. sodium.
b. phosphate.
c. potassium.
d. chloride.
potassium
All of the following electrolytes work together to maintain proper fluid balance in the body except:
a. sodium.
b. chloride.
c. phosphate.
d. potassium.
phosphate
The main functions of potassium include all of the following except:
a. fluid balance.
b. enzyme cofactor.
c. muscle contractions.
d. nerve function.
enzyme cofactor
High levels of this mineral from supplementation can cause heart problems including cardiac arrest.
a. calcium
b. phosphorus
c. sodium
d. potassium
potassium
The main anion inside cells is:
a. sodium.
b. chloride.
c. phosphate.
d. potassium.
phosphate
The least vulnerable group to suffer dehydration would be:
a. athletes.
b. infants.
c. the obese.
d. the elderly.
the obese
The body loses water through all of the following routes except:
a. metabolism.
b. sweat.
c. urine.
d. breath.
metabolism
Bone mass is typically at its highest level (peak bone mass) at about ________ years of age.
a. 20
b. 45
c. 30
d. 16
30
Except for ________ and ________, the occurrences of trace mineral deficiencies and toxicities are rare.
a. iodine; selenium
b. iron; copper
c. copper; chromium
d. iodine; iron
iodine; iron
Enrichment of processed grain products requires the addition of the mineral:
a. copper.
b. calcium.
c. iron.
d. zinc.
iron
Eighty-five percent of dietary iron is nonheme iron and all of the following are good sources except:
a. legumes.
b. fruits.
c. mushrooms.
d. green leafy vegetables.
fruits
The mechanism for regulating the amount of iron in the body is:
a. urinary excretion.
b. absorption.
c. excretion in bile.
d. blood loss.
absorption
Iron in blood is transported to all body cells attached to the protein:
a. ferritin.
b. hemoglobin.
c. hemosiderin.
d. transferrin.
transferrin
The long-term storage form for iron is:
a. hemosiderin.
b. ferritin.
c. transferrin.
d. hemoglobin.
hemosiderin
The iron-containing protein(s) that transports electrons in the electron transport chain for ATP production is/are called:
a. myoglobin.
b. cytochromes.
c. ferritin.
d. hemoglobin.
cytochromes
The iron-containing enzyme that metabolizes drugs and removes toxins from the body is:
a. hemoglobin.
b. cytochrome P450.
c. cytochromes.
d. ferritin.
cytochrome P450
Pica is the dietary practice of eating:
a. nonnutritive substances.
b. large amounts of food at one time.
c. plant-based diets.
d. minimal amounts of food
nonnutritive substances
Symptoms of mild iron deficiency include:
a. goiter.
b. fatigue and impaired physical work performance.
c. dental caries.
d. heart problems.
fatigue and impaired physical work performance.
All of the following are recommended for individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis, an inherited genetic abnormality leading to iron overload, except:
a. limiting iron-rich foods.
b. avoidance of vitamin C supplements.
c. adoption of a vegan diet.
d. frequent blood removal.
adoption of a vegan diet
The most likely causes of iron toxicity include all of the following except:
a. medicines containing iron.
b. excess dietary intake.
c. iron supplements.
d. hemochromatisis.
excess dietary intake
All of the following are among the best sources of dietary copper except:
a. whole grains.
b. nuts.
c. legumes.
d. dairy products.
dairy products
The cofactor functions of copper metalloenzymes include all of the following except:
a. antioxidant function.
b. ATP production.
c. connective tissue synthesis.
d. glucose production.
glucose production
The thyroid hormones T3 and T4 that regulate growth, reproduction and energy metabolism contain the mineral:
a. iron.
b. copper.
c. iodine.
d. zinc.
iodine
A deficiency of iodine in adults and children leads to:
a. heart problems.
b. goiter.
c. dental caries.
d. anemia.
goiter
The active research interest in selenium relates to its role in all of the following except:
a. enhancing immunity.
b. preventing heart disease.
c. slowing the aging process.
d. decreasing cancer risk.
preventing heart disease
The mineral linked to proper insulin function and glucose homeostasis is:
a. iron.
b. copper.
c. zinc.
d. chromium.
chromium
The mineral that is a cofactor for enzymes involved in the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids and compounds important for DNA and RNA structure is:
a. iron.
b. manganese.
c. copper.
d. molybdenum.
molybdenum
The enterocyte protein that binds zinc to control transport across the basolateral membrane to blood is:
a. ferritin.
b. metallothionine.
c. ceruloplasmin.
d. hemosiderin.
metallothionine
Functions of zinc include all of the following except:
a. RNA synthesis.
b. serving as an antioxidant.
c. modulating gene expression.
d. curing the flu.
curing the flu
The trace mineral that is not an essential nutrient is:
a. molybdenum.
b. fluoride.
c. manganese.
d. chromium.
fluoride
Toxicity from intake is of less concern for which of the following minerals?
a. fluoride
b. chromium
c. iodine
d. iron
chromium
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