Fish Biology Final

In water, total ammonia exists in two forms:
a) What are they?
b) Which is the toxic one?
c) What effect does pH have on the equilibrium between the two?
d) What effect do increasing ammonia concentrations have on growth of fish?
e) Ultimately, where does most ammonia in fish ponds come from?
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Terms in this set (15)
In water, total ammonia exists in two forms:
a) What are they?
b) Which is the toxic one?
c) What effect does pH have on the equilibrium between the two?
d) What effect do increasing ammonia concentrations have on growth of fish?
e) Ultimately, where does most ammonia in fish ponds come from?
a) unionized & the ammonium ion
b) unionized
c)
d) the fish cannot grow. they become lethargic and die
e) the protein in feed
In pond water, nitrite concentrations may increase during fish culture: a) Where does it come from?
b) What is a major toxic effect of nitrite in fishes?
c) How is it usually treated or prevented in pond aquaculture?
d) As pH increases, the percent of total nitrite in the nitrous acid form increases or decreases (circle one)
a) ammonia
b) damage to immune systems
c)
d) decreases
Explain what the partial pressure of a gas is? In air, approximately what is the partial pressure of oxygen?
In a mixture of gases, the pressure exerted by an individual gas is the partial pressure of that gas.
The partial pressure of oxygen is 160 mm Hg.
The maximum concentration of oxygen dissolved in water will:
a) Increase or decrease (circle one) as temperature is increased
b) Increase or decrease (circle one) as salinity is increased
a) decrease
b) decrease
Draw and label a gill filament. Show the direction of blood movement through the filament and lamella and the direction of water flow across the filament and lamella.
...
Draw and label a graph that describes the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the percent of heme groups in hemoglobin with oxygen bound to them.
a) Where in the fish would oxygen load on to the heme groups?
b) Where in the fish would the oxygen unload?
a)
b)
Describe the alarm reaction in the General Adaptation Syndrome.
animal senses the presence of a stressor. Sensory input integrated & interpreted in cerebrum, nervous system is stimulated, chhromaffin cells are signaled
Describe the equilibrium between carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. What is the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction?
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Describe the stage of resistance in the General Adaptation Syndrome.
animal reacts physiologically to deal with stressors.
Describe the Stage of exhaustion in the General Adaptation Syndrome.
animal runs out of energy to deal with stressor --acclimation lost
List five effects of epinephrine1. Increase systolic blood pressure 2. increase heart rate 3. increase in glycogenolysis 4. increase in blood glucose levels 5. increased fatty acid metabolismList five effects of corticosteroids1. Helps animals deal with stressors 2. Modulates glucose availability 3. Modulates inflammation 4. Modulates immune system (autoimmunity) 5. Helps euryhaline fish adjust to changing salinityGiven the following: CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3 a) What enzyme catalyzes this reaction? b) Where in the blood does this reaction predominantly occur? c) If carbon dioxide is added to the blood, which direction will the reaction proceed (left or right)?a) Carbonic Anahydrase b) red blood cells c) rightDistinguish between glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesisGlycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen occurring in the liver when blood glucose levels drop; gluconeogenesis is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources and occurs in liver and kidneys.Stimulation from the sympathetic nervous system will do what to the following (circle one for each)? Digestive system inhibit or stimulate Heart rate increase or decrease Blood vessels dilate or constrict Blood pressure increase or decrease Lung passages dilate or constrict