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Nuc Med

Terms in this set (238)

I-125 and I-131 are
Isotopes
I-131,53 and Xe-132,54 are
Isotones
C-14 decays by b- emission to N-14 with a transition energy Q = 156 MeV. The most likely b- energy that is observed is
0.052
A typical energy for radio waves is
10^-6 eV
A typical energy for a gamma ray is
10^6 eV
A typical energy for visible light is
1 eV
Along the line of stability, the last element with an equal number of protons and neutrons is
Ca-40
As a class, radionuclides that emit alpha particles tend to be
very heavy (near uranium, such as cesium and radium)
As a class, radionuclides that emit beta+ radiation tend to be
Very light (lighter than calcium such as O, C, N)
Auger electrons are emitted with energies closest to
characteristic x-rays
Electron capture as a decay mode "competes with":
b+ emission
Internal conversion electrons are emitted with the same energies as
Isomeric transitions
Neutrinos are closest to
0 times more massive than an electron
No nucleus can decay by b+ emission unless the difference in mass between the parent and daughter nuclei is at least
1.022 MeV
Nucleons are closest to
2000 times more massive than an electron
Of the forms of electromagnetic radiation, gamma rays are produced by
nuclear transitions
Of the forms of electromagnetic radiation, light is produced by
molecular transitions
Of the forms of electromagnetic radiation, x-rays are produced by
atomic transitions following removal of electrons from a "deep" energy atomic shell of heavy metals
Of the four basic physical forces, the strongest by far is the
nuclear force
One atomic mass unit (amu) is the mass of
1/12 the mass of a carbon atom
The "K shell" refers to
the most tightly bound electrons in massive atoms
The Bohr model refers to
atomic structure
The atomic number of a nucleus is
the number of protons
The chemistry of an element is determined by
the atomic number
The decay of nuclei by b- emission is possible because of the
weak force
Tc-99m and Tc-99 are
isomers
Xe-133 and Cs-133 are
Isobars
Beta- decay is most likely if there is excess beyond the line of stability in
The numbers of neutrons in a nucleus
Beta+ decay is most likely if there is an excess beyond the line of stability in =
the number of protons in a nucleus
The only nuclear reaction listed below that occurs spontaneously in a vacuum is
n to p + beta- + v
The most common form of oxygen is O-16. The most likely means by which O-15 decays is by
b+emission
The mass number of a nucleus is
The number of nucleons
The explosion of a plutonium bomb occurs because of which force?
Nuclear
"Average lifetime" t and half-life T1/2 are related as
t = 1.44*T1/2
1 Ci equals
37 GBq
1 mCi equals
37 MBq
For a parent isotope with half-life T_p which generates a daughter isotope decaying with half-life T_d, secular equilibrium of the two isotopes occurs if
Tp >> Td
For a parent isotope with half-life T_p which generates a daughter isotope decaying with half-life T_d, transient equilibrium of the two isotopes occurs if
Tp @ Td*10
For a parent isotope with half-life T_p which generates a daughter isotope decaying with half-life T_d, no equilibrium of the two isotopes occurs if
Tp << Td
If a radioactive sample consists of two entirely different isotopes, one with initial activity A1(0) and decay factor DF1(t) and the other with initial activity A2(0) and decay factor DF2(t), then the amount of activity Atotal(t) remaining after time t is
Atotal(t) = A1(0)*DF1(t) + A2(0)DF2(t)
If the decay constants for fluorine-18 decaying by electron capture is I_EC and by positron emission I_b+ then the total decay constant I_total is
I_total = I_EC + I_b+
If the decay factor at time t1 is DF(t1) and the decay factor after time t2 is DF(t2) then the decay factor after time t1+t2 is
DF(t1+t2) = DF(t1) * DF(t2)
If the half-life of a radioactive sample is 1 hour, the activity remaining after 3 hours compared to initial activity A_0 is
A_0/8
If the initial number of radioactive nuclei is N_0 and their decay constant is I, initial activity A_0 of the sample is
A_0 = N_0 * I
Plotting activity versus time for radioactive decay is a straight line on a
logarithmic activity vs. linear time graph
Sievert is the SI unit of
dose equivalent
MKS unit of activity is
Curie
The SI unit of activity is
bequerel
The decay factor DF(t) at time t is related to half-life T1/2 as
DF(t) = exp(-0.693*t/(T1/2))
The measure that quantifies the amount by which radiation ionizes air is
Exposure
The set of relations which describe the relationship between parent and daughter nuclei of an isotope generator are known as the
Bateman equations
Which of the following is a parent-daughter generator combination commonly used in nuclear medicine labs?
Sr-82 to Rb-82
Which of the following is a parent-daughter generator combination commonly used in nuc med labs
Mo-99 to Tc-99m
Kilo =
thousand (10^3)
Mega =
million (10^6)
milli =
1 thousandth (10^-3)
A chi-squared results indicates that a distribution of numbers is consistent with a poisson distribution if the associated probability value is
5% < p < 95%
Another name for a normal distribution is
gaussian distribution
Compared to collecting N counts in one minute, if you repeat the measurement of the same radioactive sample for 100 minutes and obtain a mean count rate of N cpm what would you quote as the standard deviation of you average count rate measurement?
square root of N/100 cpm
Count variations from one minute to the next as a result of imaging 1 mCi of Tc-99m using a gamma camera are an example of
random errors
For linear regression analysis, which parameter tells you the percent by which one variable changes when the other variable changes
slope
For practical reasons, measurement precision of a medical imaging test is almost always considered to be equivalent to
reproducibility
If a scintigram containing a maximum count per pixel of 100 counts is considered to be uninterpretable because it appears to be too noisy, the only thing that might work to obtain an interpretable image would be to
re-acquire the same patient for a longer amount of time to collect more counts
If background counts of a well counter are measured to be B then the minimum number of counts considered to be significantly higher than background are
B + 3(B^1/2)
In order to have sufficient counts in a 128x128 image matrix so that errors due to noise are <\= 1% in each pixel, the total number of counts that must be acquired for a high-count extrinsic flood field that will be used for subsequent flood field corrections must exceed
163.84 million counts
In performing a test for outliers, the question is
Is a single measurement significantly different from all other measurements?
In performing linear regression analysis, the question is
What is the relationship between two measurement techniques?
In performing the paired t-test the question is
Are means from two tests significantly different?
Measurements obtained from imaging 1 mCi of Tc-99m using a gamma camera tuned for Cs-137 are an example of
blunders
One standard deviation of a poisson distribution corresponds to a confidence interval of
67%
Suppose that you are allowed to make only one measurement of a radioactive sample, and you measure N counts in one minute. With no other information than this, what would you quote as the standard deviation of your measurement
square root of N
Suppose you measure the length L+deltaL and the width W+deltaW of an object. WHat is the standard deviation of the area of the object?
(LW)((deltaW/W)^2 + (deltaL/L)@)^1/2
The % standard deviation of a poisson distribution represented by a mean of 1 million counts is
0.1%
The degree to which a measurement agrees with a known absolute standard is
accuracy
Which characteristic of probability defines the point for which 50% of the event lie beneath that point and 50% lie above that point
median
Which characteristic of a probability distribution defines the value for which the most likely results will be observed
Mode
Which distribution is always skewed right?
poisson distribution
Which distribution is always symmetric about the mean?
gaussian distribution
Which distribution is usually a good approximation for nuclear medicine applications, even fro low counts?
poisson distribution
Which parameter is an expression of reproducibility of an experiment?
precision
If repeated measurements of a radioactive sample of mean count N include re-positioning the sample in a well counter each times the sample is counted, then the measurements will most likely
Follow a poisson distribution of standard deviation > (N)^1/2
A pocket dosimeter ionization chamber operates in the
saturation region
A typical ionization chamber used as a dose calibrator shows its readout in units of
curies
a typical ionization chamber used for monitoring radiation areas shows its readout in units of
R/hr
a typical range for electrons emitted by radionuclides commonly used in nuc med labs is closest to
a few milimeters
The half-value thickness of a positronium-annihilation gamma ray emitted by radionuclides commonly used in nuc med labs is closest to
7 centimeters
a typical range for positron particles emitted by radionuclides commonly used in nuc med labs is closest to
a few milimeters
a typical range for alpha particles emitted by radionuclides commonly used in nuc med labs is closest to
a few microns
cerenkov radiation results from
charged particles traversing medium faster than the speed of light
Considering that the half-value thickness for Tc-99m gamma rays in water is 4.6 cm, the % of Tc-99m gamma rays traversing 18.4 cm in water is
6.25%
Considering that the half-value thickness for Tc-99m gamma rays in water is 4.6 cm, the transmission factor of Tc-99m gamma rays in water (i.e. the % of gamma rays which are transmitted through 1 cm) is
86%/cm
For a typical sized ionization chamber, if the recombination region spans 0-50 volts, the saturation region probably spans
50-150 volts
For a typical sized ionization chamber, if the recombination region spans 0-50 volts, the geiger-muller region probably spans
1000-1500 volts
For gamma rays interacting with tissue over a wide range of energies, from 50 keV to 50 MeV, the most likely type of interaction is via
compton scattering
If you measure 1 mR/hr at 2 ft away from a point source using a survey meter, what exposure reading would you expect you get 1 foot from the point fo the source
4 mR/hr
Of the calibration standards used for dose calibrators, Co-57 is used because it
has an energy close to that of Tc-99m
Of the calibration standards used for dose calibrators, Cs-137 is used because it
Has a long half-life (>10 years)
Of the particles emitted due to radioactive decay, the type likely to traverse tissue that farthest are
neutrinos
Of the particles emitted due to radioactive decay, the type likely to traverse the least far are
alpha particles
The half-value thickness for Tc-99m gamma rays in water is 4.6 cm so the tenth value thickness for Tc-99m gamma rays in water equal
HVL*ln(10)/ln(2)
The negative plate of a capacitor or ionization chamber is the
cathode
The only detector listed below capable of registering individual gamma rays is the
geiger-muller counter
The positive plate of a capacitor or ionization chamber is the
anode
The radiation exposure rate that is considered to be a safe average level for occupationally exposed persons is closest to
2 mR/hr
The radiation exposure that is considered to be a safe average level for the general public is closest to
0.2 mR/hr
The threshold for ionization of air molecules by radiation is
33 eV
A 662 keV gamma ray source is measured inside a 3 cm x 3 cm NaI(Tl) crystal for which it is observed that the compton scatter is 30% as high as the photopeak. If a 7 cm x 7 cm crystal were used instead, you could expect the ratio of the scatter to photopeak counts to be closest to
15%
A liquid scintillation detector has a geometric efficiency closest to
100%
A survey meter has maximum possible geometric efficiency closest to
50%
A well counter has geometric efficiency closest to
90%
Baseline shift are a result of
count rates that are too high
Baseline shift will result in
an incorrect shift of the peak of the spectrum downward in energy
CZT detectors have a typical pulse duration closest to
0.001 microsec
C-11 emits beta rays with a maximum kinetic energy of 150 keV. In performing liquid scintillation spectrometry of this isotope, at what ebergy would you expect to find the largest percentage of detected events
50 keV
For a gamma camera the circuit that contributes the most significant percent of the dead-time is the
position logic circuits
Geiger-muller tubes have a typical pulse duration closest to
250 microsec
If 140 miliamp of current is generated by the combination of a NaI(Tl) crystal and PM tube when detecting 140 keV gamma rays, how much current would you expect when detecting 662 keV gamma rays>
662 miliamps
If 400 nm light photons are emitted in the scintillation of a NaI(Tl) crystal when detecting 140 keV gamma rays, what would you expect the wavelength to be in the scintillation of a NaI(Tl) crystal when detecting 662 keV gamma rays?
400 nm
If a radiation detector records background levels of 100 cps, you would not expect it to be able to reliably measure activities unless they were at least
1 nCi
If the energy resolution for a NaI(Tl) crystal coupled to a PM tube is 7% for 662 keV gamma rays, you might expect the energy resolution for a solid state CZT radiation detector for 662 keV gamma rays to be
3%
If the geometric efficiency of a detector is 50% and the intrinsic efficiency of the detector is 50% then the total efficiency is
25%
If the intrinsic efficiency of a 0.31 cm thick NaI(Tl) crystal is 75% for detecting 140 keV gamma rays, then the efficiency for detecting 140 keV gamma rays in a 0.64 thick NaI(Tl) detector would be closest to
85%
If the intrinsic efficiency of a 0.31 cm thick NaI(Tl) crystal is 75% for detecting 140 keV gamma rays, then the efficiency for detecting 300 keV gamma rays in a 0.31 thick NaI(Tl) detector would be closest to
20%
If you have used a NaI(Tl) crystal and PM tube to measure the energy resolution for 662 keV gamma rays to be 10% when the source is in air, the energy resolution for the same source in scattering material might be any of the following except
5%
If you use a NaI(Tl) crystal and PM tube in a well counter to measure the energy resolution for 662 keV gamma rays to be 10%, what would you expect the energy resolution to be for 1 MeV gamma rays
5%
If you were measuring a hypothetical 2044 keV gamma emitter, you might expect to find a false escape peak at
1533 keV
If you were measuring a hypothetical 2044 keV gamma ray emitter, you might expect to find a double escape peak at
1022 keV
Ionization chamber-based dose calibrators are good at measuring activities below a maximum activity of
10 Ci
NaI(Tl) crystals have a typical pulse duration closest to
0.25 microsec
NaI(Tl) based scintillation well counters are good at measuring activities below a maximum activity in the range of
1-10 microcurie
Pincushion and barrel distortions...
occur normally in gamma cameras due to inhomogenous PM tube response
As the distance from the surface of a parallel hole collimator increases, the FWHM of a point source of Tc-99m is seen to
increase
For a gamma camera, the component that contributes the most to limiting count sensitivity is the
collimator
For a gamma camera, the component that contributes the most to limiting energy resolution is the
use of NaI(Tl) + PM for radiation detection
For a gamma camera, the component that contributes the most to limiting spatial resolution of objects farther away than 10 cn from the camera is the
collimator
For a liver scan in a mouse, the most appropriate collimator is
pinhole
For a liver scan in an adult the most appropriate collimator is
parallel hole
For a liver scan in an elephant the most appropriate collimator is
diverging
For a liver scan in an infant the most appropriate collimator is
converging
For an anger camera equipped with a low energy general purpose collimator, the spatial resolution is
best nearest the detectors
For higher gamma ray energies, compared to lower energies, gamma camera energy resolution
improves
For higher gamma ray energies, compared to lower energies, gamma camera intrinsic efficiency
worsens
For higher gamma ray energies compared to lower energies, gamma camera spatial resolution
improves
For thicker crystals, compared to thinner crystals, gamma camera intrinsic efficiency
improves
For thicker crystals, compared to thinner crystals, gamma camera spatial resolution
worsens
For which collimator does the relative geometric efficiency increase with increasing distance from the surface of the collimator?
converging
The image of a liver takes up 50% of the imaging field for a gamma camera equipped with a converging collimator with the patient standing against the camera. If the patient moves away from the camera by 5 cm, the % of the image of the liver in the imaging field may become
60%
The image of a liver takes up 50% of the imaging field for a gamma camera equipped with a parallel hole collimator with the patient standing against the camera. If the patient moves away from the camera by 5 cm, the % of the image of the liver in the imaging field may become
50%
The number of gamma rays that get through a LEAP collimator is closest to
1 in 10000
The pulse duration of a NaI(Tl) crystal coupled to a PM tube limits the maximum count rate possible to the value closest to
4 Mcps
Typical energy resolution of Tc-99m detected with NaI(Tl) + PM technology is closest to
10%
Typical energy window width settings for a gamma camera imaging Tc-99m is closest to
14-20%
Typical resolution of a Tc-99m (140 keV) point source 10 cm beneath the surface of water for a gamma camera with a low energy general purpose collimator
10 mm
Typical resolution of a Tc-99m (140 keV) point source at the surface of a gamma camera equipped with a low energy general purpose collimator is
7.5 mm
Typical spatial resolution of a Tc-99m point source at the surface of an uncollimated gamma camera is closest to
3.5 mm
Comparing PET to SPECT, PET has
Better spatial resolution but worse attenuation problems
Comparing PET to SPECT, SPECT has
Worse spatial resolution but less attenuation problems
For a PET camera, spatial resolution is
worst nearest the detectors
For a SPECT camera, spatial resolution is
best nearest the detectors
For a thyroid scan of 100,000 cpm for the patient right up against a gamma camera with a parallel hole collimator, if the patient backs up 10 cm the count rate will be closest to
100000 cpm
For a thyroid scan of 100,000 cpm for the patient right up against a gamma camera with a converging collimator, if the patient backs up 10 cm the count rate will be closest to
150000 cpm
For a thyroid scan of 100,000 cpm for the patient right up against a gamma camera with a diverging collimator, if the patient backs up 10 cm the count rate will be closest to
75000 cpm
For a thyroid scan of 100,000 cpm for the patient right up against a gamma camera with a pinhole collimator, if the patient backs up 10 cm the count rate will be closest to
40000 cpm
If spatial resolution of a PET camera is Rdet, position uncertainty of location of the nucleus that decayed due to kinetic energy of the positron range is Rrange, and angular positron uncertainty of location of the nucleus that decayed due to kinetic energy of the positron is R180, the the total PET system resolution is
[Rdet^2 + Rrange^2 + R180^2]^1/2
In considering different isotopes that emit positrons, the higher the energy with which the positron is emitted from the parent nucleus:
the larger the spatial FWHM for detection
In considering different isotopes that emit single photons, the higher the energy of the gamma ray:
the better the spatial resolution for a SPECT scan
Of the agents currently used for PET imaging, the agent that lends itself to imaging wiht the best spatial resolution is
F-18
Of the agents current used for PET imaging, the agent with the longest half-life is
F-18
Of the agents currently used for PET imaging, the agent with the shortest half-life is:
Rb-82
Of the crystals available for PET imaging, the ones used for time-of-flight PET are
LSO or LYSO
Of the different positron-emitting agents currently used for medical imaging, the agent that emits a positron of the worst spatial resolution is
Rb-82
Plastic is a scintillator but is not used for PET scanners because it
is too inefficient
To constrain time-of-flight PET reconstruction distances to only 1 cm would require system time resolution of at least
66 psec
When a positron annihilates an electron, the resulting gamma rays are emitted at an angle with respect to each other closest to
180 degrees
When a positron annihilates an electron, the resulting gamma rays each have energy closest to
511 keV
Of the 2 isotopes used most commonly for PET imaging
F-18 is produced by a cyclotron and distributed in unit doses while Rb-82 is provided via generator
Another name for area of the ROC curves is
accuracy
another name for the true positive fraction used in ROC curves is
sensitivity
Compared to a 1 G count PET scan digitized in voxels of 4mm on a side, in order to achieve the same signal to noise ratio per voxel for the same PET data digitized of 2 mm on a side it would be necessary to acquire
8 G counts
Compared to the MTF for a source in air, the MTF for a source in water is
narrower
Compared to the PSF for a high resolution collimator, you would expect the PSF of a high sensitivity collimator to be
broader
Compared to the PSF for a source in air, the PSF for a source in water is
broader
Contrast is defined as
(Max - min)/(max + min)
For SPECT systems the minimum angular arc that needs to be sampled in order to avoid filtered backprojection reconstruction artifacts is
180 degrees
If a filtered backprojection reconstruction appears too noisy, a common practice is to suppress the high frequency noise component of the reconstruction using a
Butterworth filter
If system A has FWHM of its PSF narrower than system B,
MTF of system A is broader than for system B
If the modulation transfer function for an uncollimated gamma camera is MTF1 and the modulation transfer function for a collimator is MTF2 then the modulation transfer function for the camera with the collimator is
MTF1 x MTF2
If the system resolution of a gamma camera is S and the resolution of the matrix used to digitize the image is D, then the resolution of the final digitized image will be
(S^2 + D^2)^1/2
If you do not correct tomograms composed from linear superposition of back projections, each picture element is blurred by a factor of
1/r
In CT scans for an object divided into N zones each of lenght z with attenuation coefficients m_i, the ratio of beam intensity I exiting the object to the beam intensity I0 of incident x-rays is
exp(-z*SUM(m_i))
In digitizing an image using matrices of pixel size r acquired for a detector with a PSF of spatial resolution FWHM, to avoid problems you need
r < FWHM/3
In filtering an image, the butterworth filter combination that will achieve the greatest degree of smoothing is the one with
cutoff = 0.3, power = 8
In taking the fourier transform of an image, the realm of the spatial frequency spectrum that is dominated by random noise is the
highest frequencies
One way to determine the modulation transfer function of a gamma camera is to obtain the line spread function and then take the mathematical transform known as the
Fourier transform
ROC curves plot the
true positive fraction vs the false positive fraction
The Fourier transform of a gaussian function is
a gaussian function
the nyquist frequency is the
highest spatial frequency component of an image
The convolution of one gaussian function with another gaussian function is
a gaussian function
The modulation transfer function is the ratio of output to inout of
image contrast
The process of correcting a tomogram for the blur resulting from a linear superposition of backprojection is to apply a
ramp filter
To correct a transaxial tomogram created by the superposition of backprojections, the function used to correct it in frequency space (v) is
absolute value of v
A technique used to reconstruct SPECT data that is used to accelerate convergence of iterative reconstruction is referred to by the acronym
OSEM
Compared to Tc-99m 140 keV decreased counts due to attenuation, I-131 364 keV counts are
not decreased as much
Compared to Tc-99m 140 keV decreased counts due to attenuation, Tl-201 78 keV counts are
decreased more than Tc-99m 140 keV counts
Compared to myocardial perfusion 180 degree SPECT, 360 degree SPECT has
worse spatial resolution but better uniformity for normal myocardia
For image I1 and image I2, the arithmetic mean image is
0.5*[I1+I2]
For image I1 and image I2, the geometric mean is
[I2*I2]^1/2
Iterative reconstruction can incorporate corrections for numerous physical effects but not for
random patient movement
Partial volume effects are not a problem in terms of accurately comparing the radioactive concentration of one object to another so long as the sizes of the radioactive objects being imaged are
larger than twice the system spatial resolution
The % decrease in Tc-99m counts at the center of a SPECT reconstruction of a cylinder filled with uniform radioactivity concentration
becomes larger as the cylinder radius increases
The main reason to combine conjugate view images is to
decrease attenuation problems
The main reason to use non-circular instead of circular orbits of a rotating anger camera around a patient for imaging the abdominal region is in order to
improve spatial resolution
The mathematical basis for SPECT and PET iterative reconstruction that can incorporate numerous corrections is referred to by the acronym
ML-EM
The phenomena of partial volume effects are used in myocardial SPECT studies to compute
Myocardial wall thickening
When using filtered backprojection, if there is a very intense structure beside a less intense structure, the result can be a transaxial reconstruction with ringing artifacts, a problem known as the
gibbs phenomenon
A form of attenuation correction that assumed a uniform attenuation coefficient throughout an object, and is applied to SPECT reconstructions of uniform cylinders of radioactive water such as Jaszczak phantoms in order to produce a uniform appearance of the counts throughout the cylinder is known as the
chang correction
Among digital transformation techniques, laplacian operators are used to
Enhance edges
Concentric ring artifacts seen in the uniform sections of the Jaszczak phantom most likely would occur because there is a problem with
the flood field correction has too few counts
Coronal sections sample a patient in image matrices from
back to front
Deterioration of the NaI(Tl) Anger crystal due to breaking the seal that protects the crystal from water vapor will most likely show up as
measles artifact
Digital images are generally stored in matrices of sizes of a power of
2
Failure to image a patient by the correct energy settings, such as by imaging a patient injected with Tc-99m-sestamibi with the camera peaked at Tl-201 will result in images that have
reduced counts, reduced contrast, and reduced spatial resolution
Failure to transmit high count information to the camera's computer regarding the details of the holes and septa of a rotating gamma camera's collimator can result in transaxial SPECT reconstructions with
concentric ring artifacts
For a myocardial perfusion scan of a normal heart, the horizontal long axis series of images appears as
hourseshoes pointing north
For a myocardial perfusion scan of a normal heart, the short axis series of images appears as
donuts
For a myocardial perfusion scan of a normal heart, the vertical long axis series of images appears as
hourseshoes pointing east
For a planar image of a line source acquired for the same total counts from the same distance from rotating detectors,
Planar resolution is the same as tomographic resolution
In order to have sufficient counts in a square 64x64 matrix so that errors due to noise are <1%, the total number of counts that must be acquired for a high-count extrinsic flood field that will be used for subsequent flood field corrections should be closest to
40 million counts
In routine QC tests of gamma cameras, uniformity is a measure of flood field
contrast
It is important to peak anger cameras before using them for clinical studies
every day
Sagittal sections sample a patient in the image matrices from
left to right
The difference between tuning forl artifacts and donut artifacts is
tuning fork artifacts are seen in 180 degree scans and donut artifacts are seen in 360 degree scans
The most common frequency that COR tests are preformed for SPECT cameras is
Every week
The most common frequency that bar phantoms are performed for SPECT cameras is
Every week
The most common frequency with which Jaszczak multipurpose plexiglass phantom tests are performed for SPECT cameras is
once per quarter
The most probable cause of SPECT imaging artifacts known as donut artifacts is
wrong or inadequate COR corrections
The most probable cause of SPECT imaging artifacts known as tuning fork artifacts is
Wrong or inadequate COR corrections
Transaxial sections sample a patient in image matrices from
Feet to head
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