Vaccines

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Which of the following statements is correct in reference to vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States?

A. Immunization programs in the U.S. have markedly reduced the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases in children.

B. Today, a substantial percentage of morbidity and mortality from vaccine-preventable childhood diseases occurs in older adolescents and adults.

C. Adults who escaped natural infection or immunization during childhood may be at increased risk of vaccine-preventable disease because of advanced age, the presence of certain chronic diseases, or occupation.

D. All of the above are correct.

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All of the above

All of the following statements are correct with respect to active immunization except which one?

A. Active immunization promotes the production of antibodies against infectious agents or their toxins.

B. Active immunization initiates cellular responses mediated by macrophages and lymphocytes.

C. Active immunization provides immediate protection for the host.

D. Sensitized lymphocytes acting alone or antibodies interacting with lymphoid K-cells may recognize surface charges in virus-infected cells and target them for destruction.

Active immunization provides immediate protection for the host.

All of the following statements are correct with respect to passive immunization except which one?

A. Immunoglobulins may be obtained from human or animal donors who have recovered from an infectious disease or who have been previously immunized.

B. Passive immunity against specific microorganisms may be conferred with the administration of immunoglobulins.

C. Passive immunization usually affects an immune response in about 7-10 days.

D. Passive immunization is useful when active immunization is unavailable or contraindicated, or when an individual cannot form antibodies

Passive immunization usually affects an immune response in about 7-10 days

All of the following statements in relation to live attenuated vaccines are correct except which one?

A. Live attenuated vaccines, because of their potential for infecting the fetus, should not be administered to pregnant women unless there is a high immediate risk of infection.

B. The administration of live attenuated vaccine is highly recommended for patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy, post-organ transplantation, and those on corticosteroids.

C. The administration of live attenuated vaccines is contraindicated to persons with known or suspected congenital or acquired immunodeficiency.

D. Live attenuated vaccines tend to have higher rates of adverse effects (particularly fever).

The administration of live attenuated vaccine is highly recommended for patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy, post-organ transplantation, and those on corticosteroids.

All of the following statements are true in relation to potential adverse reaction to vaccines except which one?

A. In addition to the desired antigen, vaccines may also contain other components such as residual animal or human proteins, antibiotics (neomycin), preservatives (thimerosal) and stabilizers (aluminum phosphate), which may cause allergic reactions or toxicity.

B. The most common allergic component of vaccines is egg proteins found in vaccines prepared in chicken eggs or chicken embryonic cultures.

C. Subcutaneous administration of some vaccines, such as those containing aluminum phosphates can lead to local tissue necrosis.

D. Most adult vaccines are given by SC or IM injection, intravascular administration tends to reduce adverse effects and increase the immune response.

Most adult vaccines are given by SC or IM injection, intravascular administration tends to reduce adverse effects and increase the immune response.