Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year

RST 230 Final

Terms in this set (58)

What is the difference between legally blind and visually impaired/partially sighted people?
Someone is legally blind if their vision in the better eye, even with glasses or contact lenses, is no better than 20/200 or if their visual field has a maximum diameter of 20 degrees

Visually impaired, partially sighted, or low vision describes a serious loss of vision that cannot be corrected by medical or surgical procedures or with conventional eyeglasses
Levels of visual impairment: Acuity and Visual Field
Acuity describes the amount of detail an individual sees compared to what a person with normal vision sees

Visual field includes the entire area that can be seen at one time with the fixed eye
Ocular Dominance & Miles test
Ocular Dominance - The tendency to prefer visual input from one eye to the other

Miles Test - Both hands make a hole and look at object - find dominant eye
Tunnel Vision & Peripheral Vision
Tunnel Vision - you can only see straight ahead

Peripheral vision - what you see on the edges or sides of your vision
What are the symptoms and causes of major types of visual impairments: cataracts, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy?
Cataracts - lens become milky and cloudy and this cloudiness distorts rays of light and prevents light from being focused on the retina (symptoms: blurred vision, double vision, poor night vision, need for bright lights when reading) & (causes: lack of oxygen)

Glaucoma - (symptoms: loss of peripheral vision, sensitivity to light and glare, problems with night vision, blurred vision) & (causes: increased pressure within the eyeball)

Diabetic Retinopathy - (symptoms: spots floating in the visual field, vision loss, blurred vision, poor night vision) & (causes: diabetes causes changes in blood vessels in the retina that cause hemorrhaging)
What are the major causes of visual impairments (in general)?
Aging, Congenital, Disease, Accidents
Sighted Guide Technique
A blind person's right hand will grip your left elbow.
Keep your arm close to your body.

Blind person will travel half-step behind you.

Keep the person aware of conditions or changes in surroundings. Mention curbs, steps, doorways etc.

When guiding a person who is blind to seat, simply place her hand on the back of the chair and let her seat herself.
What is the difference between hearing impairment, deafness, and being hard-of-hearing?
Hearing Impairment - general term used to describe all types of hearing loss, ranging from very mild to profound deafness

Deafness - state occurring when a person is unable to understand speech through the ear alone, either with or without a hearing aid

Hard-of-hearing - people who have mild to moderate hearing loss resulting in decreased perception of conversational speech, but sufficient hearing to permit understanding under optimal circumstances
Pre-lingual and post-lingual hearing loss
Pre-Lingual- Hearing loss that occurs before speech develops

Post-Lingual- Hearing loss that occurs after someone learns to speak
Rh incompatibility
A complication of pregnancy in which a mother who is Rh negative carries an Rh positive fetus under certain conditions, antibodies in the mother's blood can attack the fetus's red blood cells

Woman is negative
Man is positive
Baby is positive
Mother's body fights the pregnancy
What are the causes of conductive, sensorineural, and central hearing loss?
Conductive - Obstruction in the ear canal / Something is blocking your ear

Sensorineural - Most common type of hearing loss, in most cases it is damage to the cochlea

Central Hearing Loss - Least common, results from damage to the hearing portion of the brain, potentially from accidents
Communication with people with hearing impairments
1. Get their attention

2. Speak clearly and distinctly at a normal rate and volume

3. Be expressive!

4. Prevent distractions

5. Position yourself
Working with a sign language interpreter
1. Always look at and speak directly to the person with a hearing impairment

2. Always speak in the first person. Do not say "tell him" or "ask her"

3. Do not ask the interpreter to interpret select portions of what you said

4. Make sure the person with a hearing impairment can clearly see both the interpreter and the speaker

5. Hand all materials to the person with a hearing impairment, not to the interpreter

6. Speak normally, rely on the interpreter to let you know if there is a need to slow down or pause

7. When giving visual handouts, allow time to review the printed materials either before or after the explanation
What is autism and what are its symptoms?
A developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior

Symptoms: lack of eye contact, body language, sensory overload, speech problems, social problems, uncontrolled noises/grunts, meltdowns
What are the common impairments associated with autism?
Sensory overload, communication, OCD like traits, social interaction issues, limited vocabulary, lack of social play, inability to make friends, tantrums
Definitions, classifications, and diagnosis of intellectual disability/mental retardation
Definition: disability characterized by significant limitation in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior

Criteria post 1992 - low IQ, adaptive skills (impairment in at least 2 adaptive skill areas (basic academics, can you live independently, can you use public transport, can you participate in leisure activities, can you behave in an appropriate way), and time of onset (symptoms prior to the age of 18)

Criteria pre 1992: only IQ
What are the causes of intellectual disability/mental retardation (non-organic and organic)?
Non-organic causes - not caused by external factors - no known medical cause of intellectual impairment

Organic causes - known external cause of intellectual impairment (something caused it) such as alcohol during pregnancy (#1 cause in western world), brain injury, premature babies, lack of oxygen during childbirth and childbirth injuries, smoking during pregnancy, drug use
Diagnosis and symptoms of fetal alcohol syndrome
Diagnosis: tiny heads, tiny babies, no groove on upper lip, thin upper lip, eyes close together, crease on hand, damage to central nervous system

Symptoms: poor memory, attention defectits, impulsive behaviors, poor cause effect reasoning, mental health problems, drug addictions
What is Down syndrome?
Intellectual disability caused by genetics that is caused by having 1 extra chromosome (21 total)
Mental retardation and aging
Alzheimer's disease and Dementia - Diagnosed in 40s and cause you to age faster

More time needed to learn skills
Slower performance
Unable to handle multiple instructions at the same time
Considerations for providing leisure and recreation services for people with intellectual disability / mental retardation
-focus on abilities
-make it understandable
-ensure dignity
-facilitate decision making
-look to experts for support
-structure environment
-set clear behavioral expectations
-ensure safety
Atlantoaxial instability
Greater than normal mobility of the two upper cervical vertebrae. Kids with down syndrome can break their neck very easily because it is more flexible.
What is epilepsy and what are its symptoms?
It is a chronic medical condition caused by temporary changes in the electrical functioning of the brain (caused by chemical imbalance). They cause seizures, which affect awareness, movement, or sensation.
What are the major causes of epileptic disorders?
6 of 10 cases we don't know
stroke, blow to the head, brain damage during birth (low oxygen), viral infection to brain, chemical imbalance

Seizure triggers - alcohol/drugs, lack of sleep, missed meds, stress
Generalized and partial seizures; grand mal, petit mal, and Jacksonian seizures
(a) Generalized seizures- Involve 2 hemispheres (both) of the brain
Grand mal seizures- seizure with complete loss of consciousness
Petit mal seizures- Brief period of fixation, stares into space and does not respond to external stimuli

(b) Partial seizures- Involve 1 hemisphere of the brain
Jacksonian seizure- Have shaking in one part of a limb, which then spreads to the entire side of the body
Treatment during a grand mal seizure
Ease the person to the floor.
Turn the person gently onto one side. This will help the person breathe.
Clear the area around the person of anything hard or sharp. This can prevent injury.
Put something soft and flat, like a folded jacket, under his or her head.
Remove eyeglasses.
Loosen ties or anything around the neck that may make it hard to breathe.
Time the seizure. Call 911 if the seizure lasts longer than 5 minutes.
What is stroke?
The third leading cause of death in US.
80% of strokes preventable.
Cerbro vascular incident or TBI that originates in the brain where a portion of the brain is deprived of blood.
The progress of stroke; ischemic cascade, transient ischemic attacks
Ischemic cascade- Core area of stroke receives less than 20% of normal blood flow and is surrounded by the transitional zone where cells receive between 20 and 50% of normal blood flow. If the cells in the core area do not receive blood flow they die and can be tiny or huge. When those cells die they release toxic chemicals which spread out of the core area into the transitional and kill those cells. Progress can be stopped if medication is given as soon as possible within 3-6 hours.

Transient ischemic attacks (TIA) - brief episodes of circulatory deficiency to the cerebrum. When brain does not get enough blood. They are a sign of a big stroke.
What are the leading causes of stroke --uncontrollable and controllable risk factors?
Uncontrollable stroke risk factors- Age (60% happen 65 or older), personal history of stroke (after suffering a major stroke men have 42% chance of having another while women have 25% chance), personal history of diabetes (higher chance of having stroke bc of high blood sugar), family history of stroke, race (African Americans have highest chance of getting stroke).

Controllable stroke risk factors- Blood pressure (higher blood pressure is higher chance), obesity, smoking, diet, drinking.
Forms of stroke (ischemic and hemorrhagic): cerebral thrombosis, cerebral embolism, cerebral hemorrhage
Ischemic strokes - caused by blockage of an artery (80%). Correlated with age.
(1) cerebral thrombosis- blood clot that forms in an artery in your body that says there and prevents blood from reaching your brain. 50% of all strokes. High cholesterol levels.
(2) cerebral embolism- Have a blood clot in artery and happens when the clot moves and goes up to your brain, heart, or lungs.

Hemorrhagic strokes - strokes caused by bleeding in the brain (20%)
(1) cerebral hemorrhage- A blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds (aneurysm)

When an artery bleeds, the brain does not receive oxygen and nutrients. Pressure builds up in surrounding tissues, and causes irritation and swelling.
What are the symptoms of stroke?
1. Weakness, paralysis in one side of the body (face, hands, or arms/legs)

2. Sudden or sharp dizziness

3. Trouble walking or loss of balance

4. Dimness or loss of vision in one eye

5. Loss of the ability to speak or understand speech

6. Severe headache without a known cause
What are the effects of stroke? [hemiplegia, hemianopsia, aphasia (receptive and expressive)]
Hemiplegia- paralysis or weakness that can be on one or both sides of the body.

Memory loss (short term)

Speech and language problems

Reflexes

Hemianopsia- Happens when half of your visual field disappears.

Aphasia
receptive aphasia- when you can't understand what is being said to you but you can respond.
expressive aphasia- when you can understand something that is said to you but can't respond.
Treatment and dealing with stroke patients
If you see someone is having a stroke make sure 911 is called and transport them to the hospital immediately. If you are having stroke symptoms call 911 and unlock the door. Know the signs of stroke and make sure you call 911. Only can be treated within 3 to 6 hours with drugs.
What are the types of mental illness - psychosis and neurosis?
A. Psychosis - e.g., manic-depressive disorder, schizophrenia

B. Neurosis - mild depression, mild anxiety, phobias, obsessional behavior, chronic but no hallucinations/delusions
What is the difference between mental illness and intellectual disability / mental retardation?
A. Mental illness - not a developmental disability and does not directly impact intellectual capacity.

B. Mental retardation - developmental disability that affects the development of a person's intellectual potential.
What is depression and bipolar disorder and what are their symptoms?
Depression- Major depressive episodes are characterized by at least 5 of 9 symptoms displayed within a 2 week period, with at least one of the symptoms being either depressed mood or loss of interest in pleasure. Symptoms are disturbance in sleep, sleep super long, significant diminish in pleasure, disturbance in eating patterns, feeling of worthlessness, indecisiveness, performing tasks slower, thoughts of suicide.

Bipolar disorder (manic depression)- Mental illness characterized by mood swings from periods of extreme euphoria to severe depression, extreme changes in energy levels and behavior.
A. Manic phase- feel like everything is great and on top of the world
B. Depression phase- normal depression symptoms
What is schizophrenia and what are its symptoms?
Psychotic illness in which people experience hallucinations, abnormal emotions, impaired thinking, and behavioral changes.
Thought disorders, delusions (paranoid delusions and broadcasting) and hallucinations
Thought disorders- Disorganized thinking as exhibited by disorganized speech. Diminished ability to think and speak clearly.

Delusions- Belief in something that is not real.
Paranoid delusion- When people believe they are being conspired against.
Broadcasting- When you believe other people can hear your thoughts.

Hallucinations- seeing, hearing, or feeling people or voices.

Negative symptoms- Absence of something normal. social withdrawal, being apathetic, not enjoying things, apathy, loss of energy.
What is generalized anxiety disorder and what are its symptoms?
Excessive, unrealistic worry that lasts 6 months or more and includes physical symptoms.

Symptoms- Dizziness, irritability, upset stomach, problems concentrating, falling asleep, maintaining sleep, trembling, muscle aches.
What is panic disorder and what are its symptoms?
Severe attacks of panic and includes physical symptoms.

Symptoms - Tightness in chest, chest pain, trembling, cold sweat, fear of dying, sweating, increased heart rate, choking, crying
What is social anxiety disorder and what are its symptoms?
Extreme anxiety about being judged by others or behaving in a way that may cause embarrassment or ridicule and includes physical symptoms.

Symptoms - Butterflies, choking sensation, faintness, flushness.
What are phobias and what are their symptoms?
Intense fear reaction to a specific object or situation. Excessive fear that is uncontrollable.
What is separation anxiety disorder, what are its causes and symptoms?
The inappropriate and excessive display of fear and distress when faced with situations of separation from the home or from a specific attachment figure.

Symptoms - Won't fall asleep without an adult present, won't want to go to school, crying, tantrums, fear of being alone at night, nightmares, bed wetting.
What is reactive attachment disorder and what are its symptoms?
Characterized by serious problems in emotional attachments to others. Results from failure to form normal attachments to primary caregivers in early childhood.

Symptoms - Crying a lot, problems eating, aggressive, destructive behavior, troubling developing relationships.
What is obsessive-compulsive disorder and what are its symptoms?
Persistent, reoccurring thoughts (obsessions), may lead to performing a routine

Examples: doing things the exact same number of times, avoiding walking on cracks, checking things repeatedly, obsessing about putting something in the "wrong place", doing things in patterns
What is body dysmorphic disorder and what are its symptoms?
A person cannot stop thinking about a minor or imagined flaw in his/her appearance. It causes significant distress and impacts a person's ability to function in daily life.

Symptoms - Refuse to leave the house, refuse to participate in social situations, avoid pictures, obsessively take pics
What is PTSD and what are its symptoms?
Follows an exposure to a traumatic event.

Symptoms - Reliving events, dreaming about events, distance themselves from the event.
Eating disorders (anorexia, bulimia, pica, and orthorexia)
Anorexia- Refusal to maintain a minimal body weight and the fear of getting fat.

Bulimia (binge eating) - eating in a discrete period of time more than most people would normally eat and lack of control in over eating during the episode. Compensatory behavior such as vomiting, bite marks, and laxatives.

Pica- Eating things that is not food.

Orthorexia- Focusing too much on only eating healthy foods.
What is ADHD and what are its symptoms?
psychological disorder

symptoms: inattention; hyperactivity; impulsivity; manifest before age 7

inattention: fails to give close attention to details; careless mistakes; doesn't listen; fail to complete tasks;

hyperactivity: problems sitting in a chair, squirm feel restless, fidget; talk excessively

impulsivity: problems taking turns; interrupt; blurt out answers; cut into convos; finishing others sentences
What is intermittent explosive disorder and what are its symptoms?
Extreme expressions of anger, often to the point of uncontrollable rage, that are disproportionate to the situation at hand
What is oppositional defiant disorder and what are its symptoms?
An ongoing pattern of anger-guided disobedience, hostility and defiant behavior toward authority figures among children younger than 8

-70% of kids grow out of it
-Often associated with ADHD
-30% progress to conduct disorder
What is conduct disorder and what are its causes and symptoms?
Aggressive or non-aggressive behaviors against people, animals or property that may be characterized as destructive, threatening, physically cruel, deceitful, disobedient or dishonest

1.Aggression to people or animals
2.Destruction of property
3.Deceitfulness or theft
4.Serious violation of rules

Biological causes- lower iq, reduced levels of serotonin Environmental causes- strict parents, safety issues, physical abuse, alcohol
What is antisocial personality disorder and what are its causes and symptoms?
A pervasive pattern of disregard for, or violation of social norms and rights of others. There may be a history of crime, legal problems, impulsive and aggressive behavior.

1. Evidence of conduct disorder prior to the age of 15
2. Has to be at least 18 years of age
3. Display 3 or more of the following behaviors
unlawful behaviors (deception, impulsivity or failure to plan ahead, irritability and aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety of self and others, irresponsibility, lack of remorse)

Biological causes- Genetically determined and frontal lobe deficits
Environmental causes- anti social peers, strict parents
What are the symptoms of psychopathy (Factor 1 and Factor 2)?
A personality disorder characterized partly by antisocial behavior, a diminished capacity for remorse / lack of guilt, lack of empathy, and poor behavioral controls.

Factor 1 - glibness / superficial charm, pathological lying, cunning / manipulation, lack of remorse or guilt, lack of empathy, grandiosity, shallow affect / callousness, failure to accept responsibility, high achievement

Factor 2 - violent behavior, juvenile delinquency, need for stimulation / proneness to boredom, parasitic lifestyle, impulsivity, lack of long term goals, irresponsibility, poor behavioral controls, early behavioral problems, lack of empathy
What is narcissistic personality disorder and what are its symptoms?
A disorder where person has an inflated sense of self-importance/grandiosity

Symptoms: excessive need for admiration, disregard for other's feelings, inability to handle criticism, sense of entitlement, social isolation, unemotional traits, lack of empathy
What is borderline personality disorder and what are its symptoms?
a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affect with marked impulsive features such as frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment

75% who have it are women; 5.9% of population has it

Diagnostic criteria - fear of abandonment, unstable relationships, unstable self image, impulsivity
What is histrionic personality disorder and what are its symptoms?
A pervasive pattern of excessive emotion and attention seeking

Symptoms- Need to be center of attention, very emotional, shallow, need to dress to get attention, text very loud, believe everyone is their best friend until proven otherwise, don't have stable view on things
What are insomnia, narcolepsy, breathing-related disorders (sleep apnea), and circadian rhythm sleep disorder? What are their symptoms?
Insomnia- A sleep disorder in which there is an inability to fall asleep or to stay asleep as long as desired. It causes distress in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

Narcolepsy- A neurological disorder cased by the brain's inability to normally regulate sleep-wake cycles. It is caused by a disturbed structure of sleep.
Symptoms - Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (ETS), muscle weakness (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, hallucinations

Breathing-Related Disorders - Sleep disruption, leading to excessive sleepiness that is due to a sleep-related breathing condition

Sleep apnea - a sleep disorder characterized by abnormal pauses in breathing or instances of abnormally low breathing during sleep

Central sleep apnea - caused by lack of respiratory effort (lungs aren't working)
Obtrusive sleep apnea - lungs are working; something in airway (very related to age and obesity)

Circadian rhythm sleep disorder- A sleep disorder where the timing of sleep is affected. People are unable to sleep and wake at times required for normal work, school, and social needs.
Students also viewed