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Fall 2021 Study Set

Terms in this set (125)

Vertical Integration
Practice where a single entity controls the entire process of a product, from the raw materials to distribution.
Horizontal Consolidation
When a company buys out its competition and has near-complete control of an industry - like steel or oil.
monopoly
When a company has complete, or near-complete, control over an industry - like steel or oil.
Robber Barons
Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.
captain of industry
a business leader whose means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way.
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies.
Populism
support for the concerns of ordinary people; movement of the people.
Gilded Age
1870s - 1890s; time period looked good on the outside, despite the corrupt politics & growing gap between the rich & poor
light bulb
Invention by Thomas Edison that enabled factories to remain open longer and helped increase US production.
Thomas Edison
American inventor best known for inventing the electric light bulb, phonograph, and motion pictures.
Phonograph
an invention by Thomas Edison that allowed for sound to be recorded - early record player.
Telegraph
A device for rapid, long-distance transmission of information over an electric wire. It was introduced in England and North America in the 1830s and 1840s. Invented by Samuel Morse and used Morse code for the messages.
Telephone
invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
law that suspended Chinese immigration into America. The ban was supposed to last 10 years, but it was expanded several times and was essentially in effect until WWII. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 was the first significant law that restricted immigration into the United States of an ethnic working group. Extreme example of nativism of period.
nativism
A policy of favoring native-born Americans over immigrants.
Ellis Island
An immigrant receiving station that opened in 1892 in New York Bay, where immigrants were given a medical examination and only allowed in if they were healthy.
Angel Island
The immigration station on the west coast where Asian immigrants, mostly Chinese gained admission to the U.S. at San Francisco Bay. Between 1910 and 1940 50k Chinese immigrants entered through Angel Island. Questioning and conditions at Angel Island were much harsher than Ellis Island in New York.
Railroad Workers
many were Chinese and Irish immigrants. Many of them died in accidents.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
a national organization of labor unions founded in 1886 by Samuel Gompers
union
An association of workers, formed to bargain for better working conditions and higher wages.
Pullman Strike
violent 1894 railway workers' strike which began outside of Chicago and spread nationwide
Andrew Carnegie
A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the Carnegie Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry. He donated the majority of his money to charities.
John D. Rockefeller
Established the Standard Oil Company, a monopoly over the oil industry. He is also known as a philanthropist.
Immigration Patterns
from 1865-1890, most immigrants came from northern western Europe ...after that from southern to eastern Europe
Election of 1896
Republican William McKinley defeated Democratic-Populist "Popocrat" William Jennings Bryan. 1st election in 24 years than Republicans won a majority of the popular vote. McKinley won promoting the gold standard, pluralism, and industrial growth.
manifest destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific. They wanted to spread their culture of democracy.
Sectionalism
Loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole
Popular Sovereignty
When the people vote on issues; for example, whether to have slavery or not.
Compromise of 1850
(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas
Kansas-Nebraska Act
1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.
Bleeding Kansas
(1856) a series of violent fights between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas who had moved to Kansas to try to influence the decision of whether or not Kansas would a slave state or a free state.
Dred Scott Decision
A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.
Harper's Ferry Raid
Occurred in October of 1859. John Brown of Kansas attempted to create a major revolt among the slaves. He wanted to ride down the river and provide the slaves with arms from the North, but he failed to get the slaves organized. Brown was captured. The effects of Harper's Ferry Raid were as such: the South saw the act as one of treason and were encouraged to separate from the North, and Brown became a martyr to the northern abolitionist cause.
Election of 1860
Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.
Secession
When southern states left the United States to form their own country.
Confederate
Someone or something that has to do with the new confederacy.
Union
Someone or something that has to do with the United States.
Emancipation
The act of being set free - slaves became Emancipated in the South after the Emancipation Proclamation.
Anaconda Plan
The Northern battle strategy proposed by General Winfield Scott - blockade the South to cut off imports, cut it in half at the Mississippi River, put pressure on the borders.
Lincoln's 2nd Inaugural Address
This speech urged the US to peacefully accept the Southern states back into the Union.
Habeas corpus
Court order that forces authorities to tell someone why they are arrested. Lincoln suspends this during the war to fight people who lived in the North but liked the South.
Gettysburg Address
- A very famous speech given by President Lincoln where he reminds Americans they are fighting for liberty and to preserve the great nation. This makes Northerners support the war again.
Emancipation Proclamation
A famous speech given by President Lincoln in which he frees slaves in states that are in rebellion against the US (in other words, the Confederacy). This makes the war about slavery and leads to England and France refusing to recognize the Confederacy as their own country.
Gettysburg
This battle was the 2nd time Gen. Robert E. Lee invaded the North. It was a bloody 3-day battle that the Confederates lost. It is generally considered a turning point in the war as it marked the last time the South went North and was the beginning of the end for the Confederacy.
Atlanta Campaign
This was a campaign in which General Sherman vowed to "make Georgia howl." He marched south and captured the railroad hub of the South. He then burned this city down before heading South. This victory helped Lincoln secure victory in the Election of 1864.
Fort Sumter
This battle started the war. It happened on a small island outside Charleston, SC.
Vicksburg
This battle started as a long siege in which General Grant tried to starve the people out of the city. It finally ended on July 5, 1863 and gave the North control of the Mississippi River - cutting the Confederacy in half. This battle is a turning point in the western hemisphere of the war.
Antietam
This battle marks the first time Gen. Lee invaded the North - in Maryland. The Union troops beat the Confederates and led to the bloodiest one-day battle in the war. It is considered one of the first turning points in the war.
Alexander Hamilton's Financial Plan
1. pay off all foreign and domestic debts 2. have a National Bank 3. have a protective tariff 4. have an excise tax
Alexander Hamilton
1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.
First Bank of the United states
Caused debate between Federalists and Anti-Federalists. Hamilton felt that it was in the implied powers of the Constitution that the government could establish the bank to strengthen the economy, but Jefferson felt that while it would be helpful, the government did not have the power to create it. Washington ultimately sided with Hamilton.
Thomas Jefferson
3rd President of the United States. He was a Democratic-Republican.
Louisiana Purchase
1803 purchase of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US. Jefferson was worried it was unconstitutional.
Lewis & Clark
Sent on an expedition by Jefferson to gather information on the United States' new land and map a route to the Pacific. They kept very careful maps and records of this new land acquired from the Louisiana Purchase.
nullification
A state's refusal to recognize an act of Congress that it considers unconstitutional
Unconstitutional
Not allowed under the constitution
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Jacksonian Democracy
The "Common Man's" era - when all white men could vote regardless of owning land or not. It was the first major expansion of democracy.
Also, using the "spoils system" to appoint officials.
Democratic Party
A political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824.
Indian Removal Act
Passed in 1830, authorized Andrew Jackson to negotiate land-exchange treaties with tribes living east of the Mississippi. The treaties enacted under this act's provisions paved the way for the reluctant—and often forcible—emigration of tens of thousands of American Indians to the West.
Trail of Tears
The Cherokee Indians were forced to leave their lands. They traveled from North Carolina and Georgia through Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Missouri, and Arkansas-more than 800 miles (1,287 km)-to the Indian Territory. More than 4,000 Cherokees died of cold, disease, and lack of food during the 116-day journey.
Tariff of Abominations
Tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that favored manufacturing in the North and was hated by the South - particularly in South Carolina.
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by the Ordinance of Nullification, an attempt by the state of South Carolina to nullify a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.
States' Rights
the rights and powers held by individual US states rather than by the federal government.
Whig Party
An American political party formed in the 1830s to oppose President Andrew Jackson and the Democrats, stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
2nd Great Awakening
Series of religious revivals starting in 1801 that stressed philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for protestants. Also stressed the power of individuals, leading to a rise in reform movements.
Temperance
Movement, largely led by women, to limit the amount of alcohol that men drank. Gave rise to Prohibition later in the 1800s.
Abolition
Movement to end slavery
Seneca Falls Convention (1848)
Site of the first modern women's rights convention, and the start of the organized fight for women's rights in US history. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read a Declaration of Sentiments modeled on the Declaration of Independence listing the many injustices against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage.
Declaration of Sentiments
Revision of the Declaration of Independence to include women and men (equal). It was the grand basis of attaining civil, social, political, and religious rights for women.
Spoils System
the system of employing and promoting civil servants who are friends and supporters of the group in power
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement in North America; 1607
John Smith
Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.
Starving Time (1609-1610)
-A period of starvation endured by the Jamestown colonists
-The colonists depended upon trade with the local Native Americans for their food supplies
-A series of conflicts between the colonists and the Native Americans limited the colonists' ability to trade for supplies and to farm their own food
-A large number of colonists died and others tried to flee to England; however, boats arriving with supplies from England intercepted the colonists and forced them to return to Jamestown
-Additional support from England, the development of new industries, and the creation of new trade partnerships helped ensure the settlement's long-term survival
Tobacco
Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown
Powhatan
Indian chief and founder of the Powhatan confederacy of tribes in eastern Virginia
Southern Colonies
Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia
Georgia
Colony founded as a buffer colony to protect South Carolina from the Spanish. Also as a colony for debtors in England.
cash crop
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower.
Economy of Southern Colonies
Rich soil and warm climate allowed for a long growing season and for the production of labor-intensive cash crops (tobacco, rice, indigo) that depended on slavery
Mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Trans-Atlantic Trade
part of mercantilism where Britain required goods from the colonies to be shipped on British ships and that British products would have a monopoly of the market
Middle Passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
African Culture in US
Africans maintained much of their culture in the US and contributed to a large part of American culture as seen in language, food, architecture, dance, music, etc.
French & Indian War
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.
Ohio River Valley
controversial land that led to the French and Indian War; British win war and claim this land; region where British fur traders went; rich soil for farming
Proclamation of 1763
A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east.
Treaty of Paris, 1763
Ended French and Indian War, France lost Canada, land east of the Mississippi, to British, New Orleans and west of Mississippi to Spain
Stamp Act
1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.
Sons of Liberty
A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.
Boycotts of British goods
economic reactions to the Stamp Act (and later Townshend Acts) which were successful and led to the Stamp Act being rescinded
Committees of Correspondence
Committees of Correspondence, organized by patriot leader Samuel Adams, was a system of communication between patriot leaders in New England and throughout the colonies. They provided the organization necessary to unite the colonies in opposition to Parliament. The committees sent delegates to the First Continental Congress.
Boston Massacre
The first bloodshed of the American Revolution (1770), as British guards at the Boston Customs House opened fire on a crowd killing five Americans
Tea Act
1773 act which eliminated import tariffs on tea entering England and allowed the British East India Company to sell directly to consumers rather than through merchants. Led to the Boston Tea Party.
Boston Tea Party
A 1773 protest against British taxes in which Boston colonists disguised as Mohawks dumped valuable tea into Boston Harbor.
Intolerable Acts
in response to Boston Tea Party, 4 acts passed in 1774, Port of Boston closed, reduced power of assemblies in colonies, permitted royal officers to be tried elsewhere, provided for quartering of troop's in barns and empty houses
First Continental Congress
Delagates from all colonies except georgia met to discuss problems with britain and to promote independence
Second Continental Congress
Convened in May 1775, the Congress opposed the drastic move toward complete independence from Britain. They appointed George Washington as commander of the new Continental Army, wrote the Olive Branch Petition, which King George III rejected, set up the Committee of Five to write the Declaration of Independence, ratified the Articles of Confederation in 1781, and just over all ran the new government during the war.
Committee of Five
Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman - organized to write the Declaration of Independence.
Preamble to the Declaration
introduction
Natural Rights
the idea that all humans are born with rights, which include the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
Social Contract Theory
The belief that people are free and equal by natural right, and that this in turn requires that all people give their consent to be governed; espoused by John Locke and influential in the writing of the declaration of independence.
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain
Articles of Confederation
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Created the Northwest Territory (area north of the Ohio River and west of Pennsylvania), established conditions for self-government and statehood, sold land for money, put aside money for education, and permanently prohibited slavery
Shay's Rebellion
Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
One vote for each State, regardless of size. Congress powerless to lay and collect taxes or duties. Congress powerless to regulate foreign and interstate commerce. No executive to enforce acts of Congress. No national court system. Amendment only with consent of all States. A 9/13 majority required to pass laws. Articles only a "firm league of friendship."
Separation of Powers
Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law
Checks and balances
A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power
Baron de Montesquieu
believed government should have separation of powers
James Madison
Father of the Constitution
Three-Fifths Compromise
Agreement that each slave counted as three-fifths of a person in determining representation in the House for representation and taxation purposes (negated by the 13th amendment)
Great Compromise
Compromise made by Constitutional Convention in which states would have equal representation in one house of the legislature and representation based on population in the other house. A compromise using both the New Jersey Plan and Virginia Plan for the legislature.
Limited Government
A principle of constitutional government; a government whose powers are defined and limited by a constitution.
Daughters of Liberty
This organization formed after the Townshend Acts and supported the boycott of British goods. They urged Americans to wear homemade fabrics and produce other goods that were previously available only from Britain. They believed that way, the American colonies would become economically independent.
Reconstruction
the period after the Civil War when the Southern states were rebuilt and re-entered the United States. 1865-1877
Sharecrop
An agricultural system in which a tenant receives land, tools, and seed on credit and pledges in return a share of the crop to the creditor.
Ku Klux Klan
KKK - started in the South during Reconstruction and was a terror organization that harassed and murdered black Americans and white sympathizers of Blacks.
Morehouse College
An all black college that opened in Atlanta during Reconstruction. This was part of the Freedmen's Bureau.
Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands
aka Freedmen's Bureau. This organization helped former slaves and even whites and American Indians rebuild their lives after the war. It provided food, clothing, and other supplies. It also helped set up schools for former slaves and help them register to vote. This organization was hated by white northerners.
carpetbagger
A northerner who went to the South immediately after the Civil War; especially one who tried to gain political advantage or other advantages from the disorganized situation in southern states
scalawag
A derogatory term for Southerners who were working with the North to buy up land from desperate Southerners
Black Codes
Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War.
Radical Republican
After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.
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