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apes unit 5 exam review

Terms in this set (117)

which of the following is most likely to occur in a forested region that has been recently clear cut?
the concentration of nitrates in streams running through the region will increase.
fragmenting one large park or preserve into many small parks with human habitation in between them is most likely to lead to which of the following?
reduction in species diversity
there are various stages in the formation of coal as heat and pressure are increased and moisture content is dismissed. These stages, in order, are...
peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
which of the following best explains why DDT has been found in penguins eggs in the Antarctic?
chemicals used in one region of Earth can circulate in the biosphere and affect organisms in a distant region.
the green revolution brought which of the following to modern society.
new farming techniques, new crop varieties, and increased food production
highway congestion is considered an example of...
tragedy of the commons
watterlogging is a result of
(I and II only) - I: over-irrigation by farmers to leach salts deeper into the soil - II: Water accumulating underground and gradually raising the water table
what type of commercial fishing practice causes devastating damage to coral reefs and seamounts due to the use of weighted nets that drag along the ocean bottom
trawling fishing
the best forest management techniques mimic natural processes. this is most likely to include...
allowing prescribed burns to remove accumulated dead biomass
which of the following is a commercially used method for harvesting trees and is most likely to head to a fragmented landscape with serious impacts on biodiversity?
clear-cutting
which of the following practices would have the biggest impact on achieving global sustainability?
reducing human population size
the water table is...
the uppermost level at which water fully saturates rock or soil
use of water from the ogallala aquifer in the great plains region of the usa is not sustainable because...
(both c and d) - C: it is recharged at a rate that is slower than it is used - D: there is intense competition for water for household, industrial, and agricultural use.
spray irrigation...
(both a and b) - A: used technology that looks like giant sprinklers - B: is 75-95% efficient
which of the following is NOT a result of urban sprawl?
due to larger parcel size, suburban populations use twice as much land area as similarly sized urban populations.
which areas of the world are most susceptible to desertification?
areas adjacent to existing deserts
problems associated with the use of trees for biomass are...
(I and III only) - I: potential deforestation - III: potential soil erosion
an important environmental safety feature of manure lagoons is...
a liner to prevent leakage into groundwater
which pollutant or pollutants are most likely to create eutrophic areas?
nitrates and phosphates
per capita carbon emissions tend to be highest in
developed nations
the process of using resources to meet the needs of both current and future generation is referred to as...
sustainability
why is overfishing detrimental to the environment?
it creates less recovery time for population recovery
in which ways of the following ways did the green revolution increase food production?
(I, II, III) - I: the development of disease resistant and high yield crops; II: monocropping and widespread use of machinery; III: the application of fertilizers and the use of irrigation techniques.
which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl?
as individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease.
the excessive pumping of groundwater from wells can influence the water levels below ground. which of the following is more likely to occur in aquifers in coastal areas than in aquifers in other regions?
saltwater intrusion into the aquifers
which of the following techniques is a realistic solution for farmers to decrease the amount of fertilizer and sediment runoff into aquatic ecosystems?
practicing crop rotation
which of the following best achieves the goal of providing wood products for humans while preserving biodiversity?
selective cutting of large areas of old-growth forest
which of the following best describes a disadvantage of using genetically engineered crops over crops that are not genetically modified?
genetically engineered plants can decrease the genetic diversity of the crop.
IPM uses a variety of techniques to reduce pest populations while reducing the economic damage caused by pests. which of the following is a mechanical IPM method for reducing pests?
the use of screens or traps to prevent pests from entering the crop area.
which of the following is the most likely unintended consequence of using pesticides in agriculture
the continual use of pesticides can cause organisms to build a resistance through genetic mutation that then requires more or stronger pesticides.
what is the general relationship between meat consumption and affluence?
more affluent nations tend to consume more meat products.
which of the following best describes why aquaculture has grown considerably in several parts of the world?
aquaculture fisheries provide a larger and more consistent quantity of fish year-round than do wild fisheries
based on the diagram above (forested vs. urban area), which of the following best explains how urban runoff could be decreased?
replace tradition pavement with more porous pavement to increased ground infiltration.
two branches of a river have different sediment loads. based on the diagram, which of the following most likely led of the difference in the amount of sediment in the two branches of the river?
deforestation from clear cutting
(orange roughy catch graph) based on the graph, which of the following fishing practice solution would be promote the sustainability of the orange roughy catch population?
establishment of quotas on the number of orange roughy catch caught.
The green revolution has improved global agricultural output. Which of the following best describes the author's perspective on the beginning of the green revolution in the 1970s and 1980s?
The green revolution was successful because of selective breeding, which improved nutritional value and crop yield to increase food production.
Which of the following statements best summarizes the author's predictions for how humans will meet the future nutritional needs of a growing population using current agricultural technology?
Humans have maximized the crop yield with improving technology and the implementation of modern genetic techniques to further increase crop productivity and resilience in order to meet the demand.
Which of the following is an assumption made by the author regarding the use of genetically modified crops?
The amount of arable land will remain relatively constant, and the growing human population will have enough food if more crops can be harvested from the same amount of land.
Which of the following techniques could best reduce the harmful effects of overfishing if it were to be widely adopted by the fishing industry?
Increased use of large-mesh gill nets for harvesting salmon and trout
Various nations have adopted policies designed to combat overfishing. Which of the following approaches is commonly used to combat the problem of overfishing?
Enforcing minimum-size requirements for the capture of some commercial species.
Aquaculture or fish farming can be used to increase the availability of species like salmon and shrimp for consumption. Although fish farming can have a number of negative environmental effects, it does offer a number of advantages. Which of the following is a valid reason for promoting the use of fish farms?
Fish production is constant, and fish farming reduces pressure on wild stocks.
Which of the following is an example of an industrial practice that contributes to the tragedy of the commons?
Burning fossil fuels for energy production
Which of the following best exemplifies how an action within the fishing industry could lead to a tragedy of the commons?
Overfishing of threatened fish species leading to the eventual depletion of the resource
Which of the following best describes the concept of the tragedy of the commons?
The aim of large logging operations in tropical rain forests is economic gain, rather than sustainability. Therefore, the shared resources in the forest could become depleted.
After intensive logging, most of the trees along a stream have been removed. Which of the following water quality changes would most likely occur downstream after logging?
Increased water temperature
Which of the following is a direct economic consequence that would likely occur if an area of forest was clear-cut so that a housing development can be built?
A decrease in the number of game hunting licenses purchased
Which of the following environmental effects would most likely result from the clear-cutting of boreal forests by industrial logging operations?
There will be an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration, which will contribute to climate change.
Which of the following best describes environmental damage caused by slash-and-burn farming in tropical rain forests?
The soil loses fertility after a short period of time and will be ineffective for farming use.
Which of the following would decrease with the manufacture, application, and use of synthetic fertilizers rather than organic fertilizers?
Recycling of organic matter
Which of the following agricultural practices results in soil degradation and most contributes to erosion?
tillling
Which of the following describes an unintended consequence that results from large-scale agricultural use of water from an aquifer?
The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table.
The rate of water use likely exceeds the rate of recharge, leading to lowering the water table.
high water tables
Which of the following best describes the advantages and disadvantages of drip irrigation?
This method most efficiently delivers water directly to plant roots compared with other methods, and wastes less water, but it may be too costly for farmers in developing countries to use.
The hog-farming industry maintains production levels to satisfy the demand for pork. Which of the following methods of meat production would provide the most likely explanation for the information represented in the graph above?
Concentrated animal feeding operations
Humans consume a variety of protein products, each with a different carbon footprint based on a variety of factors.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?
Grass-fed beef has the highest carbon-equivalent footprint because of land-use changes to create pasture land combined with contributions from transportation, processing, manure treatment, making fertilizers, and digestive fermentation processes.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?
Feedlots have high levels of pesticide use and energy consumption as a result high demands for grain production.
Which of the following aspects in the design for this new urban development would most likely have the greatest negative environmental impact?
The five apartment buildings
Which of the following aspects of the design for this new urban development will best help to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere?
Access to the mass transit train line will provide inhabitants an alternative to driving personal vehicles.
The chart below illustrates how many liters of water are needed to produce some common foods. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?
Chicken meat requires less water per kilocalorie than cow meat does.
The chart below illustrates how many liters of water are needed to produce some common foods. Which of the following foods is most suitable to cultivate to minimize water consumption per kilogram of food?
Cereals
The chart below illustrates how many liters of water are needed to produce some common foods. Which foods are the most sustainable to produce in order to provide the most kilocalories to the world's growing population while still minimizing water usage?
Vegetables
Which of the following would be the best measure to use to determine the effectiveness of the rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff?
The speed and volume of the water exiting the gardens
An environmental agency wants to evaluate the effectiveness of rain gardens in reducing the impact of urban runoff from an impervious parking lot and from the roof of the building. The parking lot is slightly sloped so the rainwater flows toward the gardens. The runoff from the roof is collected by various downspouts and directed toward the gardens. Scientists at the agency plan to monitor the effectiveness by measuring the water quality of the storm water as it moves through the gardens during and after storm events.
Which of the following would be the best control in this experimental design?
Water samples collected from the roof or parking lot before they passed through the gardens
Plant selection is important for a rain garden. Which of the following best describes the types of plants that would be most effective to use in the rain garden in this experimental design to reduce the impact of urban runoff?
Flood-tolerant plant species so that the plants can withstand large pulses of water from storms
Soybean crops are generally planted in early or mid-May and harvested in August. The table below shows the times of peak damage to soybean crops from various agricultural pests. Farmers use this type of data calendar to track pests and plan integrated pest management strategies to maximize crop yields. Based on the data above, which of the following pests is a concern to farmers for the longest period of time?
Soybean rust
Based on the data above, which of the following pests is most likely to affect mature plants ready for harvest?
white mold
Based on the data above, which of the following time periods are insect pests most detrimental to the soybean crops?
Early May through mid-Septembe
Which of the following would be considered an advantage of increased urban sprawl?
As individuals move out of urban areas to nearby suburbs, the population densities of cities will decrease, reducing the spread of infectious disease.
Based on the graph above, in which of the following periods did the human population first exceed Earth's biocapacity?
1975-1980
Which of the following statements correctly describes the trend of ecological footprint compared to biocapacity from 1961 to 2014 ?
The world's ecological footprint has risen above its capacity to sustainably provide for the human population.
Biocapacity can be defined as the amount of resources available to individuals in a given country at a specific moment in time. Which of the following statements best explains the trends in the above data?
Biocapacity increased because of improved farming techniques on existing farmland, and the ecological deficit increased because of a growing population and more demand for goods.
Which of the following statements best describes an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture fish-farm enclosures located in estuaries?
Aquaculture enclosures can harbor parasites that can negatively affect wild populations that breed in estuaries.
Which of the following is an example of an environmental benefit of aquaculture?
Raising fish using aquaculture and feeding human populations with the harvest reduces the number of fish caught from the ocean.
Which of the following is a negative consequence of aquaculture?
Excessive amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus can leak from the location.
Which of the following is a direct economic advantage associated with aquaculture?
Aquaculture produces large amounts of seafood for human purchase and consumption year-round.
Which of the following is an unintended environmental consequence of aquaculture?
Contamination of surrounding water by organic waste
The farming of fish such as salmon at aquaculture facilities poses a threat to marine ecosystems because
the farmed fish can escape and outcompete wild fish for food and territory
Which of the following changes to the local hydrologic cycle will result if large areas of land experienced clear-cutting?
Evaporation of water from the soil will increase.
Industrial logging threatens many forested ecosystems. Which of the following environmental consequences will most likely result from clear-cutting deciduous forests for logging?
More carbon dioxide will be added to the atmosphere and increase anthropogenic climate change.
Which of the following is a limitation of using only the data in the table to complete an ecological footprint analysis of the different students?
The footprint is a static analysis and does not include all environmental impacts of an individual.
If Student 2 wanted to change his or her footprint to be more similar to that of Student 1, which of the following actions would he or she choose based on the data given in table 1?
Reducing the amount of meat in his or her diet
After reviewing personal footprint data, Student 5 decides to take action to lower his or her overall footprint by reducing money spent on shoes and clothing. Land use in which of the following categories will be most affected by this change?
Goods and services
Farmers need to make many decisions about how they grow their crops. One of these decisions is whether to use synthetic fertilizer or organic fertilizer, such as manure. An advantage of using synthetic fertilizer instead of organic fertilizer is that
synthetic fertilizer can provide more targeted macronutrients to the crops
Which of the following is the most likely result from clearing mature, forested land and converting it into agricultural land that would be used for cattle grazing?
There will be a reduction in the uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide.
A major environmental problem caused by using the agricultural practice of tilling is
eutrophication from excessive fertilizer use
Which of the following best describes legislation that could be used to address problems with overfishing?
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora ( CITESCITES ) uses trade rules to protect commercially valuable species.
One way that consumers can help prevent a decrease in the number of fish species that are experiencing population declines is to
eat fish that are caught using sustainable harvesting methods, therefore ensuring fish populations remain stable and reducing the amount bycatch harvested
Which of the following is the best example of an economic approach to reduce overfishing for a fish species with a declining population?
The federal government sets a catch limit (per person or per boat) for the species and imposes a tax on any extra fish that are caught.
Which of the following best describes an environmental advantage of urbanization?
Individuals living in cities usually have a lower transportation carbon footprint than individuals living in rural areas.
Which of the following solutions would help decrease flood frequencies and flood sizes that are caused by urbanization?
Using new, more permeable materials for roads and sidewalks
Which of the following describes an aspect of urbanization that would most increase the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere compared to rural and suburban areas?
Increased amounts of waste per unit area in urban areas that leads to higher rates of decay and decomposition
In a rural region of India, scientists collected data of different pesticide residue levels from closely located farming plots. Some of these plots used integrated pest management biopesticides, while others used chemical pesticides to control pests. The data below show levels of four pesticide residues found in tomato and cucumber crops in the two treatment plots.
Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the table?
The greatest effect of integrated pest management was seen in lower levels of endosulfan in both tomatoes and cucumbers.
A group of farmers want to change their pest control methods to reduce the amount of pollution in a nearby river. The data on the cost and percent pest population reduction for several methods of pest control the farmers could consider are presented in the table below.
Which of the following methods should the farmers choose to minimize the cost for efficient pest removal while still reaching their goal of reducing the amount of pollution in the river?
Planting genetically modified crops
Scientists studied the effects of three different ways to control household pests. They treated one group of pests with a conventional pesticide spray. A second group was treated using Integrated Pest Management ( IPMIPM ) techniques. A third group received no treatment method at all. The success of each treatment was measured based on the change in the number of pests in the traps over time. Fewer pests caught indicate fewer pests in the area after application of the technique. The results are shown in the graph above.
Which of the following claims would be the best solution to the pest problem, based on the data in the graph?
Use of Integrated Pest Management techniques is the most successful method because the sources for food, water, and shelter for pests are disrupted, leading to a reduced number of pests in the area.
Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5)(N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pHpH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table.
Which of the following statements is best supported by the data shown in the table?
Green roofs reduced levels of ammonium because the vegetation absorbed the pollutant.
Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5)(N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pHpH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table.
The data in the table show mean concentrations (mg/L)(mg/L) of pollutants in rainwater leaving either green or conventional roofs. Which of the following data would be needed to calculate the total amount of a pollutant leaving the roof during and following a rainstorm?
Total volume of rainfall
Green roofs offer many environmental advantages, including the removal of some pollutants from rainwater. The parameters in the table above were measured in water samples collected after rainfall had passed through green roofs and over traditional roofs (N=5)(N=5) in New York City. Mean levels of pHpH and pollutants in precipitation are shown in the table.
Assume that the rainwater from one of the green roofs ran off directly into a nearby lake. Water quality results from which of the following parameters show that the green roof would likely improve water quality in the lake?
Nitrate
Carbon dioxide equivalent ( CO2eCO2e ) is used to compare contributions to climate change of various greenhouse gases. A study at a farm calculated the carbon dioxide equivalent for different production stages for beef and chicken production. Which of the following statements is best supported by the data in the graph?
Raising beef contributes more to greenhouse gases than raising chickens does, primarily as a result of fermentation in cows' digestive tracts, which releases methane gas.
Based on the data provided, which of the following descriptions best identifies the types of farms that are being compared?
Farm A is a grass-fed pasture for beef production, whereas Farm B is a traditional concentrated animal feedlot for cattle.
The harvesting of livestock for meat consumption affects the planet in various ways. Approximately 25% of the land area on Earth is used for raising livestock. One-third of all water used in meat production goes toward producing beef, and the demand for beef is projected to increase by 95% by 2050. The graph below shows the average meat consumption per capita from 2010 to 2012 and the forecasted meat consumption for 2022 for five different countries.
Which of the following claims is best supported by the data in the graph?
Global meat consumption per capita will increase in all five countries between 2012 and 2022 as the countries move through the demographic transition and become more developed.
Which of the following identifies and describes the equipment needed to best determine the amount of water that infiltrated the soil?
A ruler should be used to measure the level of water above the pavers in both pallets immediately after pouring the water over the pavers and immediately after the one-hour wait time.
A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective.
The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil.
Which of the following is the dependent variable in the study?
The infiltration rate of the water
A group of students want to increase the amount of water infiltration around the property of their urban high school by replacing all the existing impermeable walkway pavers with permeable ones. The school board will not move forward with any property changes unless the students conduct an experiment and collect evidence to help prove that their proposed suggestion to increase water infiltration will be effective.
The students create two identical pallets using soil taken from the school's property and install impermeable pavers similar to those found on the school's property in one of the pallets. They install permeable pavers in the other pallet. The students pour exactly the same amount of water over both sets of pavers, leave both pallets in exactly the same environmental conditions, and after one hour measure the amount of water that infiltrated the soil.
Which of the following is the independent variable in the study?
The type of pavers used in the pallets
Which of the following statements best identifies the author's assumptions in terms of a new green revolution?
Current agricultural practices and strategies need to be evaluated in order to meet the demand for increased food production.
Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of government funding for future agricultural research?
More funding is continually needed because the agricultural research programs have never been completely financially supported.
Which of the following statements best identifies the author's perspective in terms of utilizing science technology for future agricultural advances?
The only way to meet the global demand for more food is to fully utilize new science technologies to advance agriculture.
Many communities experience the tragedy of the commons.
One way a local community might regulate a shared and limited resource and reduce the tragedy of the commons is to
divide the resources into parcels and assign them to individuals
Which of the following scenarios best explains the concept of the tragedy of the commons?
Fish are shared resources, and as the fishing industry competes for the fish, the resource extraction is no longer sustainable.
One example of the tragedy of the commons occurs when trees are harvested from tropical rain forests without any regulations. Which of the following best describes why this is an example of the tragedy of the commons?
Timber producers remove as much timber as possible as cheaply as possible.
Farmers use various methods of irrigation on crops. Which of the following statements correctly pairs an irrigation method with an advantage or disadvantage?
Flood irrigation is often used in agricultural fields, however, it increases surface erosion and salinization of the soil.
Which of the following irrigation methods is most likely to result in salinization of the soil, especially if the agricultural fields are located in a warm climate with consistent sunlight?
Furrow irrigation
A farmer grows several crops on a farm that has mostly shallow, sandy soil. Which of the following irrigation methods would be the best suited for this farm?
Drip irrigation
If the trend in total water withdrawal represented in the graph continues, which of the following is most likely to happen in the future? (graph is showing an increase)
Aquifers will be depleted if demand is higher than recharge rate.
Based on the data in the graph, which of the following proposed solutions would have the greatest effect on reducing global water withdrawals?
Government grants to assist farmers with the up-front installation costs of drip irrigation systems.
This type of irrigation is often used by small-scale farming operations, and it requires extensive labor to set up individual irrigation lines.
Drip irrigation
This type of irrigation, often used in orchards growing tree crops, distributes water to plants through small parallel channels between crop rows but often leads to increased soil erosion in the field.
Furrow irrigation
Which of the following procedures would be best for remediating the effects of soil salinization?
Addition of large amounts of water to leach out salts
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