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OSU enr 2100 final practice questions, Environmental Science (ENR 2100) OSU Study Guide and notes from lecture Freshwater Resources, ENR 2100 final

Terms in this set (232)

Which statement about water use is incorrect?
Because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries is far greater than in developed nations
The largest potential source of freshwater is found in
polar ice caps & glaciers
Out of all of the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans?
less than 1%
Which of the following countries would you expect to have the greatest water footprint?
united states
True or False: Potable water is water that is safe to consume.
true
Which practice requires the greatest amount of water input?
producing 1 pound of beef
Gravity "powers" all of the following processes of the hydrological cycle except ________________.
transpiration
Which of the following represents the largest single use of water in a typical US household?
toilets
Coliform bacteria indicate the contamination of a water body with ________________.
fecal material
Which statement about recycled water projects is true?
Public perception of recycled water projects depends on how plagued their community is by water-scarcity issues.
Not having access to enough clean water supplies is known as _______________.
water scarcity
In the southwestern United States, the use of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limits. This is a good example of _______________.
physical water scarcity
A small lake ecosystem is being degraded. As a first step in assessment, scientists take samples of the water and determine if it has an excess of nitrogen, causing eutrophication. To remedy this problem, programs should be implemented that
restore native habitats of fish and plants in and around the lake.
AND
protect the watershed from agricultural and domestic runoff.
a watershed includes:
all the uphill land surrounding a river and its streams that can feed water into that rive
The following items are part of the process of eutrophication.

Algae quickly reproduce, using up oxygen and blocking sunlight to underwater plants.
Bacteria consume excess wastes and nutrients, using up oxygen.
Underwater plants die.
Excess nutrients enter a body of water.
What is the correct order for the process?
4, 1, 3, 2The amount of oxygen used by microbes living in a body of water is known as the ___________________.
Sources of mercury pollution in water include
electrical plant emissions
iron ore and aluminum ore smelting
industrial waste
run-off from surface mining
Correct Answer
All of these choices.
The leading cause of impaired surface waters in the United States is ___________________.
pathogens
Mapping a watershed is important in finding a source of pollution for all of the following reasons except
it helps to know where not to look for the source, usually downstream
All of these choices.
it helps to know where to look for the source inside the watershed
it helps to know where to look for the source, usually upstream
Correct Answer
it helps to know where to look for the source outside of the watershed
Fertilizer from your lawn and motor oil from the leaky oil pan on your car are examples of:
nonpoint source pollution
Pick the nonpoint source of water pollution.
air pollution
What protects an aquifer from pollutants in an aboveground watershed?
If deep enough, infiltration can act as a filter, removing pollutants before they reach the groundwater.
a watershed includes
all the uphill land surrounding a river and its streams that can feed water into that river.
The pH of surface waters is a problem in many systems, with some surface waters showing too high a pH and some too low. Which of the following is a key contributor to low pH surface waters?
mining operations
Water pollution is:
contaminants or excess nutrients in surface waters and in groundwater.
Plants help improve water quality because __________________.
they store nutrients in their tissues, keeping it out of the water
In suburban areas, lawns can be a major source of nonpoint pollution. Utilizing _______________ in these areas can help prevent pollution in nearby water sources.
native plants and grasses
_________________ is a set of EPA regulated actions that minimize pollution problems caused by construction, industrial, or land-use impacts on streams and lakes.
Best management practices
The amount of oxygen used by microbes living in a body of water is known as the ___________________
biological oxygen demand
All of the following contribute to water pollution EXCEPT
CORRECT ANSWER:riparian areas
pathogens
open mining
animal waste
excessive fertilizing
Sources of mercury pollution in water include ___________________.
CORRECT ANSWER:All of these choices.
run-off from surface mining
electrical plant emissions
iron ore and aluminum ore smelting
industrial waste
Which of the reasons below does NOT explain why indoor air pollution may pose a bigger threat than outdoor air pollution in some locations?
Secondary pollutants form and accumulate more easily in indoor environments.
Which statement about VOCs is FALSE?
Correct answer: VOCs readily evaporate and dissolve in water.

The main outdoor source of VOCs is fossil fuel combustion.
VOCs are released by bogs.
VOC stands for volatile organic compound.
All of these choices are false.
Which statement(s) about the Clean Air Act is/are TRUE?
Correct Answer
The Clean Air Act is subject to political wrangling as evidenced by the introduction of several congressional bills designed to limit the EPA's ability to regulate air quality, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2).
Correct Answer
Under the auspices of the Clean Air Act, the EPA approved greenhouse gas emission standards for light-duty vehicles (cars and trucks) that will require new vehicles to produce less greenhouse gas emission.
Correct Answer
The Clean Air Act is evidence that regulations can be effective as a pollution reduction tool because the United States has seen major reductions in common air pollutants such as removing lead from gasoline, and the reduction of sulfur pollution from coal combustion.
Correct Answer
Under the Clean Air Act, the EPA sets air quality standards for ambient air with the states being responsible for monitoring and enforcing compliance.
Which of the following air pollutants can cause damage to the nervous, excretory, immune, reproductive, and cardiovascular systems; biomagnify in food chains; and was officially banned from the U.S. gas supply in 1996?
lead (PB)
Which of the following is FALSE regarding asthma?
The United Kingdom has the highest incidence of asthma with more than 15% of its population diagnosed in 2006.
Developing nations are seeing a rise in asthma, especially in urban centers.
Correct Answer: None of the choices. All of these statements regarding asthma are true.
Asthma is a respiratory ailment marked by inflammation and constriction of the narrow airways of the lungs.
In the U.S. asthma is the leading cause of school absences.
Particulate pollution includes all of the following EXCEPT for _______.
carbon dioxide
Which is FALSE regarding pollutants defined as hazardous by the EPA?
Even in small doses they can have adverse effects on human health.
They may cause cancer or developmental defects.
They include volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
Correct Answer: None of these choice
You are driving a car. The emissions coming out of the automobile tailpipe are considered to be _________.
primary air pollutants
Why are children of low-income families at a higher risk for asthma than those from wealthier families?
Their homes and schools are often located near major roads or factories.
In the United States, the number one cause of lung cancer is ___________ followed by ________ as the second leading cause.
tobacco smoke; radon
Acid deposition results from burning fossil fuels that release ___________ that react in the atmosphere to form acids that fall back to Earth as acid rain, snow, and fog.
sulfur and nitrogen oxides
Which approach to pollution reduction does this figure represent?
cap-and-trade
Which of the following sources of outdoor air pollution is anthropogenic?
controlled burns
Which of the following choices contribute(s) to the formation of ground-level ozone?
Correct Answer
sunlight
Correct Answer
oxygen
Correct Answer
VOC
NOT CORRECT: H2O
Correct Answer
NOx
Air pollution that results when chemicals in the atmosphere react to form a new pollutant is called:
secondary pollution
primary air pollutants
Air pollutants released directly from both mobile sources and stationary sources
particulate matter
Particles or droplets small enough to remain aloft in the air for long periods of time
transboundary pollution
Pollution that is produced in one area but falls in a different state or nation
air pollution
Any material added to the atmosphere that harms living organisms, affects climate, or impacts structures
command and control
Regulations that set an upper allowable limit of pollution release which is enforced with fines and/or incarceration
smog
Hazy air pollution that contains a variety of pollutants including sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, tropospheric ozone, and particulates
non point source pollution
Pollution that enters the air from dispersed or mobile sources
secondary air pollutants
Air pollutants formed when primary air pollutants react with one another or with other chemicals in the air
point source pollution
Pollution that enters the air from a readily identifiable source such as a smokestack
subsidies
Free government money or resources intended to promote desired activities
environmental justice
The concept that access to a clean, healthy environment is a basic human right
_______ is a naturally occurring radioactive gas that is produced from the decay of uranium in rock. After seeping through foundations, it can accumulate in basements and lead to lung cancer.
radon
What pollutant did the EPA receive court approval to begin regulating in 2007?
carbon dioxide
Given the relationship between asthma and air pollution, where would you raise a family to decrease the risk of asthma?
In an urban area
In a valley where most people use wood to heat their homes
In an area with low VOCs but moderate to high particulates
Correct answer: Away from major highway systems
Which statement about VOCs is FALSE?
VOCs are released by bogs.
VOC stands for volatile organic compound.
All of these choices are false.
The main outdoor source of VOCs is fossil fuel combustion.
Correct Answer: VOCs readily evaporate and dissolve in water.
Which of the following is NOT one of the six Criteria air pollutants monitored by the EPA?
carbon dioxide (co2)
Which of the following choices is NOT typical for converting coal to electricity?
Correct Answer: converting the coal to a liquid form
creating steam
spinning a turbine
burning the coal
Which of the following is NOT a problem associated with mountaintop removal mining?
This type of surface mining causes permanent, irreversible changes to the landscape.
None of these choices
The reduction in forested areas can lead to increased frequency and severity of flooding.
Runoff from the mined area can deliver sulfur and other toxic compounds to streams downstream.
Correct Answer
While having environmental impacts, it leads to greater employment for residents.
Which of the following resources is used the LEAST in the United States for generating electricity?
oil
We currently have technologies to capture all but which of the following?
mercury
sulfur
particulates
Correct Answer: All of these choices.
Pollution from U.S. coal power plants include all of the following except?
particulates
ash
nitrogen oxides
Correct Answer: ozone
mercury
Which of the following is an example of reclamation?
Replanting the site of mountaintop removal with grass and pine trees
Which area of the world has the least amount of coal reserves?
africa
We currently have technologies to capture all but which of the following?
particulates
carbon dioxide
mercury
sulfur
Correct Answer: All of these choices.
The use of coal creates all of the following impacts except ____________________.
None of these choices.
Correct Answer: reduced water temperatures in water bodies
emissions of sulfur
emissions of mercury
respiratory disease
Which of the following choices is NOT typical for converting coal to electricity?
spinning a turbine
Correct Answer: converting the coal to a liquid form
creating steam
None of these choices.
burning the coal
The form of coal with the highest energy content is ____________________.
anthracite
Which of the following choices is NOT true about coal?
Burning coal creates pollution.
It is formed over time by the compression and heating of peat.
Correct Answer
It is a renewable resource.
It has a high-energy content.
Mining coal causes environmental damage.
Overburden is associated with what type of coal mining?
surface mining
The negatives involved in removing contaminants from coal before using it are ____________________.
the hazardous waste created and the energy needed to complete the process lowers the EROEI
______________ is compressed sedimentary rocks that contain kerogen that is released as oil like liquid when the rock is heated.
oil shale
When an oil well is first drilled, what is the primary recovery method?
natural pressure
Oil is found anywhere from ___________________________ meters below the surface of the earth.
300 to 9000
Which currently contributes most to energy independence in the United States?
natural gas reserves
Compared to the rest of the world, the United States ranks ______________ in oil production.
seventh
Which of the following types of fuel is composed of hydrocarbons?
coal
wood
Correct Answer
All of these choices
oil
natural gas
If current rates of use and extraction do not change, known oil reserves are expected to last for ____________ years?
40
Natural gas is composed mainly of ________________.
methane
When an oil well is first drilled, what is the primary recovery method?
natural pressure
Which area has both the most natural gas and oil reserves?
middle east
Which of the following is the heaviest fraction refined during the distillation process?
fuel oil
Coal is generally formed from high heat and pressure turning _____________ into a fossil fuel. Oil and natural gas are generally formed from high heat and pressure turning ______________ into a fossil fuel.
plant life; marine life
The United States reached its peak oil for domestic deposits in 1970. What have we done since then?
increased our dependence on other countries for oil
A nonrenewable natural resource formed millions of years ago from plant or animal remains that is used as an energy source is called a ___________________.
fossil fuel
The three principle fossil fuels are __________________.
coal, oil, natural gas
When talking about the formation of fossil fuels, cap rock is a ________________.
dense layer holding in natural gas and petroleum
Where are spent fuel rods currently stored?
on-site in steel-lined pools
Which renewable energy source has the greatest impact on the local environment?
hydropower
Which of the following is NOT true of geothermal energy?
Home-based geothermal projects can be expensive to install, but have a relatively short payback time.
All of these choices.
Geothermal projects can cause earthquakes.
Geothermal projects are entirely dependent on the locations of hot zones in the Earth's crust.
Correct Answer
Geothermal projects are dangerous because they can release toxic fumes from deep inside the Earth.
Isotopes are atoms that have different numbers of ____________ in their nucleus but the same number of ____________.
neutrons; protons
A chain reaction is created in a nuclear plant when U-235 in the fuel rods is bombarded with ___________________ causing the nucleus to become unstable and to split.
neutrons
Choose the energy source that is most renewable.
biodiesel
Why is water valuable in the production of nuclear energy?
Correct Answer
Water prevents the reactor from over heating.
incorrect answer: Water cools control rods.
Correct Answer
What is one criticism of nuclear energy development projects abroad?
Some methods of power generation create radioisotopes that can be used in weapons.
_____________________ energy is renewable and has a low environmental impact.
sustainable
Geothermal energy is considered to be one of the most efficient methods to heat and cool a house since the ground temperature being harnessed to either heat or cool a house is always around ________________ degrees Fahrenheit.
55
Which of the following isotopes would be the safest to handle in the shortest period of time? (Radioactive isotopes are considered safe to handle after 10 half-lives.)
Protactinium-234
Which statement about wind turbines' threat to birds is true?
Every year, domestic cats kill more birds than wind turbines.
Wind turbines create electric energy by ____________________.
converting wind, through a series of gears, to turn a generator
__________________ cells convert solar energy directly into electricity.
photovoltaic
Which statement about recycled water projects is TRUE?
Public perception of recycled water projects depends on how plagued their community is by water-scarcity issues.
Switching to water-saving drip irrigation methods not only saves water but also
All the answers are correct
The Coriolis Effect causes hurricanes and cyclones to rotate ________ in the Northern Hemisphere and ________ in the Southern Hemisphere.
counterclockwise; clockwise
Which of the following statements about oil sands and the Keystone pipeline is FALSE?
FALSE: The keystone pipeline protects the ecosystem above the Athabasca Oil Sands because it permits the miners to reach underground oil deposits without having to remove overburden (trees, brush) from the mine site.
The Arcata Marsh and Wildlife Sanctuary was established in 1978 to _______.
act as a natural freshwater wetland to absorb and assimilate contaminants contained within wastewater
Which of the following states is NOT among the highest producers of coal in the US?
Hawaii
The process of capturing CO2 from a large point source and storing it in a way so that it does not enter the atmosphere is called:
carbon capture and sequestration
Which of the following is NOT among the top 4 oil-consuming countries?
Russia
The concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is nearly 400 ppm. What is this in %?
0.04%
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
TRUE:Confined aquifers have impermeable rock above and below.

TRUE:Per capita domestic water use in Canada is more than any other country on Earth.

TRUE:One pair of blue jeans requires approximately 3,000 gallons of water to produce.

TRUE:Saltwater intrusion is a problem when too much freshwater is removed from an aquifer that is near the ocean.

FALSE:Today Africa faces physical water scarcity but not economic water scarcity.
Which United States President signed the Clean Air Act in 1972?
Richard Nixon
Which of the following statements is false?
TRUE:Robert F. Kennedy Jr. is founder and chairman of the Waterkeeper Alliance, an international grassroots advocacy organization dedicated to preserving and protecting water resources around the world.

TRUE:According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), agriculture runoff is the leading source of water pollution in the USA today.

FALSE The U.S. EPA's 2002 National Water Quality Inventory Report indicated that 75% of the nation's rivers, 80% of our lakes, and almost 90% of the USA's estuaries are now safe for swimming, fishing, and drinking.

TRUE:The U.S. Clean Water Act of 1977 was mainly focused on limiting point source pollution.

TRUE:The U.S. Clean Water Act, which was passed in 1977 was originally called the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972.
What were the goals of the Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 later amended and renamed the Clean Water Act of 1977?
Eliminate the discharge of pollutants in US waterways, attain water quality levels that make the waterways safe to fish and swim.
Carbon sequestration technology, which limits the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), is currently used by 75% of all coal-fired power plants in the USA.
False
Which of the following energy sources emits the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide (CO2)?
coal-fired power plants
U.S. consumption of oil has _____________ each year since 2005.
declined
On the PBS FRONTLINE Video, Eric Pooley of TIME magazine made an important observation about anyone running for presidency in the USA?
You cannot become president of the USA by saying bad things about coal in swing states such as Ohio.
In 2007, the single biggest emitter of carbon dioxide (a greenhouse gas) in the USA _____.
was American Electric Power
In the USA, coal accounts for ______ of all railroad/train traffic each year.
50%
The video that you watched for homework from PBS FRONTLINE and titled "Heat" dealt with which environmental issue?
The United State's addiction to coal
What makes the Polk Power Plant so unique for a coal-fired power plant?
It turns solid coal into cleaner burning gas.
The USA has about _____ coal-fired power plants.
600
Every year the USA consumes over _______ tons of coal. The Powder River Basin in Wyoming mines over _______ pounds of coal each day.
1-billion; 1-million
The Powder River Basin is located in ____ and each day approximately _____ of _____ are mined from that location
Wyoming; 1,000,000 tons; coal
Each day the Black Thunder Mine produces _____.
enough coal to fill a train 35 miles long
Carbon capture and storage from coal-fired power plants is difficult to do because of all of the following reasons EXCEPT _______.
We don't know how to capture carbon dioxide and store it underground.
If compost (Links to an external site.) is contaminated with non-compost materials, it cannot be composted and is considered trash. Therefore, it is important that the compost be kept clean.
True
You and your friends order a pizza to eat during the Ohio State Buckeyes football game. After OSU dominates the field you start to clean your apartment and notice that the bottom of the empty pizza box is stained with grease. Your apartment complex does not have a composting facility but does have a recycling and trash dumpster. What is the best way to discard the pizza box?
Tear the pizza box in half and place the greasy bottom in the trash dumpster and the clean top in the recycling dumpster
When students at the Poster Symposium there will be a paper for each poster designating the poster number. What should be done with the paper poster number after each student is finished presenting their poster?
Recycle the poster number in the designated recycling bin.
Ohio State has set many sustainability goals. (Links to an external site.) They have goals to reduce potable water, mitigate stormwater, and increase their purchase of locally and sustainably sourced foods. What is their current goal for reducing total campus building energy consumption?
Reduce by 25% by 2025
It is common for much of our waste to end up in landfills. We are working to prevent this during our Zero Waste Poster Symposium. The City of Columbus is also implementing many key initiatives (Links to an external site.) for the city's sustainability. Which of the areas below is a topic area in Columbus' goal to become a more "green" city?
Transportation
Paper products can be composted and recycled. During the Zero Waste Poster Symposium, paper should be placed into the designated recycling bin unless it is contaminated with food or grease. Paper-based products contaminated with food can only be composted.
True
Match the item with the correct bin.

Recycling

Compost

Trash
Recycling: empty soda can

Compost: half eaten cookie

Trash: candy wrapper
Making the Poster Symposium a Zero Waste Event benefits us all as humans by:
These are all correct
According to the Environmental Protection Agency, there is no one way to sustainably manage materials. Which method do they consider the most preferred approach in the Waste Management Hierarchy (Links to an external site.)?
Source Reduction and Reuse
While at the Poster Symposium, there will be large boards to hold attach posters to in order to present them. You may also encounter materials for the posters such as paper clips, rubber bands, and binder clips. What is the BEST thing to do with these materials after the event is over?
Reuse the items at next year's event
What is a confined aquifer, unconfined aquifer, saltwater intrusion, well, water table?
○ Confined aquifer: doesn't have access to surface above it
○ Unconfined aquifer: has access to surface above it
○ Saltwater intrusion: ocean water meets underground aquifers
○ Well: digging deep underground to have access to water
○Water table: top of groundwater
Know about the connection between the Oil Sands in Alberta, Canada, freshwater resources and the Keystone Pipeline, and the Ogallala Aquifer
Keystone Pipeline - The Keystone Pipeline transports synthetic crude oil and diluted bitumen from the Athabasca Oil Sands in Alberta,
Canada, to refineries in Illinois and Oklahoma, and on to the Gulf Coast. Ogallala Aquifer is important to eight states.

Ogallala Aquifer - a shallow water table aquifer located beneath the Great Plains in the United States. One of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximately 174,000 sq mi in portions of eight

Connection - If there is a leak in the pipeline you will ruin the crops and any food growing in the oqallala aquifer that a lot of people use to live.
Understand what hydraulic fracturing (hydrofracking) is and where it is occurring in the USA and Ohio.
Hydrofracking - a technique in which large amounts of water, combined with smaller amounts of chemicals and sand, are pumped under high pressure into a drilled gas well.

Ohio--> east(ish)
US--> Texas, Louisiana, West Virginia, Ohio
Also, know about fracking wastewater injection wells, natural gas, methane and oil.
wastewater injection wells - is used to place fluid underground into porous geologic formations. These underground formations may range from deep sandstone or limestone, to a shallow soil layer. Injected fluids may include water, wastewater, brine (salt water), or water mixed with chemicals... if these wells leak it could prove very dangerous.

natural gas - natural gas wells in Pennsylvania that produce wastewater containing corrosive salts and radioactive and carcinogenic materials. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/natural-gas-map.html

methane - sub-mining surface... "Methane is "released, acidifying water, toxins leach from "surrounding" rocks, sulfates produce acid drainage; it "affects" everything "from" nutrient "cycles" to "the entirety of the local food web Up "side:" less" altera ) on "to" large "surface" areas" and "more" jobs

oil - ?
What's the Waterkeeper Alliance?
Fastest-growing global movement for swimmable, drinkable, fishable water.

Mission: To provide a way for communities to stand up for their right to clean water and for the wise and equitable use of water resources, both locally and globally. The vision of the Waterkeeper movement is for fishable, swimmable and drinkable waterways worldwide. Our belief is that the best way to achieve this vision is through the Waterkeeper method of grassroots advocacy.
Who is Robert F. Kennedy, Jr.?
JFK son. founder of waterkeeper alliance
Main concept of freshwater resources
Freshwater is a limited resource and we are using it faster than it can be replenished. Although methods are available to recover and purify some of the water we use, conservation is also seriously needed.
Where is Earth's freshwater located (e.g., glaciers, groundwater, surface water)
1,338,000,000 km^3 of water total on earth.

33,450,000 km^3 of water is freshwater.

93,000 km^3 is what we as humans actually have access to.

surface water = such as lakes, rivers glaciers, wetlands.
ground water= soil moisture, aquifers, permafrost

2.5% of Earth's surface water is fresh.
- 60% is trapped in glaciers
- 10% in surface waters
- 30% in groundwater
what is it used for and how much (e.g., agriculture, industry and cities).
OF THE FRESHWATER:
-70% used for agriculture
-22% for industry
- 8% for cities/homes
Where did Earth's water most likely originate?
a meteorite called carbonaceous chondrite from space
How much is salt water, how much is freshwater, how much freshwater is accessible to humans?
Salt water is 97.5% of the water on earth

freshwater is 2.5%

Humans have access to 0.4%
How much water do you use each day at home?
(Household)
-In 1994 federally-mandated low-flow showerheads, faucets and toilets started to be used in significant numbers
-25 gallons for 10-minute shower
-70 gallons to fill a bathtub
-3.5 gallons/flush for standard toilet or approximately 20 gallons/day
-20 gallons/load front loading washers
-40 gallons/load top loading washers
-4 gallons/load Energy Star dishwasher
-Average pool = 20,000 gallons water
-Recycling 1 newspaper saves 3.5 gallons of water
-1 gallon of gasoline takes 15 gallons of water to produce
How much water is used to grow the plants we use for food and clothes?
(Diet, Clothing)
-It takes approximately 1,000 gallons/day to produce average American's diet
-1 cup of coffee = 55 gallons of water to make
-A vegan (person who doesn't eat meat or dairy) consumes 600 gallons/day less than average American
-1 Quarter Pounder Cheeseburger = 650 gallons of water to make
-1 sheet of paper = 2.5 gallons of water to make
-1 t-shirt = 700 gallons of water to make
-1 chocolate bar = 300 gallons of water to make
How much water does it take to grow the food you eat each day? How much water does it take to grow 1-pound of beef or chicken or pork or other types of fruits and vegetables?
1 quarter pound beef = 650 gallons
What types of meat do most humans eat?
humans rely on nine domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, poultry, mules, goats, camels, buffalo)

The majority of it is in:
pork: 102,000,000 tons (41% meat consumed), China is the largest producer of pork
poultry: 79,000,000 tons, the United States produces and consumes the most poultry
beef: 66,000,000 tons, Brazil is the largest producer and second largest consumer (after the United States)
How much do we consume each year?
Animals killed each year for food
52 billion chickens
2.6 billion ducks
1.3 billion pigs
1.1 billion rabbits
633 million turkeys
518 million sheep
398 million goats
293 million cows
24 million water buffalo
1.7 camels
What is your global water footprint?
1513?
What are human's staple foods, what meats do we rely on for protein?
staple foods - Principal edible plants essential to people's diets.
- corn grains potatoes, etc.

pork: 102,000,000 tons (41% meat consumed), China is the largest producer of pork poultry: 79,000,000 tons, the United States produces and consumes the most poultry beef: 66,000,000 tons, Brazil is the largest producer and second largest consumer (after the United States)
How much livestock waste is generated each year to grow the meat we eat?
1.5 billions tons of manure produced each year
How much energy is required to grow 100 calories of meat versus 100 calories of vegetables?
meat - ?

veggies - ?

16 times more on average.
Today, why is agriculture pollution largely regarded as public enemy #1 in the USA?
1.5 billions tons of manure produced each year?
What causes the algae blooms in Lake Erie?
fortified by fertilizer runoff
-oxygen levels drop after sewage spill; fish die **see notes for graph
Do all humans have access to clean safe freshwater?
About a billion people currently do not have access to appropriate sanitation or fresh water.
Know the water cycle
Fixed amount of water on earth (Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, run-off, soil infiltration, collection in oceans)

We depend on water going through state changes in the hydrological cycle. Heat causes evaporation and transpiration.

Rising gases are cooled to yield another state change back to liquid. The liquid water is returned to Earth to fill ground storage, underground storage, and to become available for uptake by plants through their root systems.

At each stage within the hydrological cycle, bonds are made and broken. Toxins may be picked up, transported, or eliminated.
Evapotranspiration
when plants, lakes, and rivers release water into the atmostphere
Condensation
water that collects as droplets on a cold surface when humid air is in contact with it.
Precipitation
rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.
Infiltration
water soaks into the ground
Groundwater
the water that has seeped into the ground and filled the pores
Water scarcity
the lack of sufficient available water resources to meet the demands of water usage within a region.
Physical water scarcity
Use of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limits
Approaching physical water scarcity
with more than 60% of river flow withdrawn, these areas will face water shortage in the near future
Economic water scarcity
access to water is limited by the ability to pay for it, not by its physical scarcity
Where is the Yellow River and what is its significance in terms of providing freshwater to whom?
Yellow (Huang) River is in China
-Provides drinking and irrigation water to people living near it
Where is the Colorado River, what is its significance, and what is the water used for? know about the Hoover Dam and salinization.
Colorado River provides water for 25 million people, including cities of Denver, Las Vegas, Salt Lake City, Albuquerque, Phoenix, Los Angeles, and San Diego.
○ Supplies irrigation water for 3.5 million acres of fruit, vegetables, and field crops worth
$1.5 billion/year.
○ Has 49 dams, 11 of which provide hydroelectric power
○ The Hoover Dam
○ 1,500 miles long, forms in Rocky Mountain, flows into Gulf near Southern California
○ Salinization→ increased salt concentration lowers soil productivity, and in extreme cases, renders soil unfit

Salinization - is the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil.
-this is a resource concern because excess salts hinder the growth of crops by limiting their ability to take up water.
-this may occur naturally or because of conditions resulting from management practices.
How does a wastewater treatment facility work?
Primary: Sedimentation tanks holds water for several hours so solids can settle to the bottom, grease and oil rises to top, surface skimmers remove theses

-Secondary: biological conversion, transform dissolved solids into suspended solids; microorganisms eat solids and transforms them

-Activated sludge process: combine wastewater and microorganisms, add
oxygen, multiplies organisms, put into secondary sedimentation tanks, allowed to settle to bottom, removed

-Chemical process: add chlorine to water to kill organisms that carry disease

-Dechlorination
What is primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment?
Primary treatment- removes suspended and floating particles by mechanical processes.

Secondary- reduces waters biochemical oxygen demand by using microorganisms to decompose suspend organic treatment

Tertiary- advanced water treatment employed to reduce phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations
What are some of the chemicals in our drinking water that wastewater treatment facilities do NOT remove from our drinking water?
herbicides, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and many pollutants

Phosphorus and nitrogen (in some plants)
Not removing pesticides, herbicides, pharmaceuticals
How does sewage treatment work in Arcata, California?
1. screen out large debris
2. flow into the ponds
3. microorganisms and plants remove nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen and fecal bacteria like E. Coli
4. enhancement marshes
5. water discharged into humbolt bay is safe and enhances quality of lake
(basically more natural less chemical process)
Not having access to enough clean water supplies is known as _______________.

1 water scarcity
2 None of these choices.
3 drought
4 groundwater depletion
5 freshwater debt
answer: 1 water scarcity
Which of the following countries would you expect to have the greatest water footprint?

1 Saudi Arabia
2 India
3 Sudan
4 United States
5 Mexico
answer: 4 United States
Which statement about water use is incorrect?

1 Middle Eastern nations are among the most water-stressed countries in the world.
2 Because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries is far greater than in developed nations.
3 As the population increases, water scarcity and sanitation issues will also increase.
4 In some areas of the world, there is enough water, but people do not have enough money to purchase or dig wells to access it.
5 The World Health Organization estimates that 1 in 3 people lack sufficient access to clean water.
answer: 2 Because of their unsustainable practices, per capita water use in developing countries is far greater than in developed nations.
Coliform bacteria indicate the contamination of a water body with ________________.

1 viruses
2 dioxane
3 fecal material
4 sediments
5 BPA
answer: 3 fecal material
Which of the following represents the largest single use of water in a typical US household?

1 toilets
2 washing clothes
3 leaks
4 baths
5 showering
answer: 1 toilets
Which practice requires the greatest amount of water input?

1 flushing a toilet
2 making a cotton t-shirt
3 taking a shower
4 producing 1 pound of beef
5 washing dishes
answer: 4 producing 1 pound of beef
Approximately how many people of not have access to fresh water or appropriate sanitation?

1 100,000
2 10 million
3 1 million
4 10 billion
5 1 billion
answer: 5 1 billion
Match each stage in the processing of municipal sewage with the service that it performs.

Primary treatment

Secondary treatment

Tertiary treatment

with

Removes suspended and floating particles
Uses microorganisms to reduce water's biochemical oxygen demand
Reduces phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations
answer:
Primary treatment - Removes suspended and floating particles

Secondary treatment - Uses microorganisms to reduce water's biochemical oxygen demand

Tertiary treatment - Reduces phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations
The Colorado River is used for much of the agriculture in the western portion of the United Stated. When the water that is used for irrigation soaks into the soil but does not run off the land into rivers like natural precipitation, this is known as __________________.

1 desalinization
2 salinization
3 percolation
4 sedimentation
5 agricultural drainage
answer: 2 salinization
Out of all of the water on Earth, how much is usable by humans?

1 10%
2 less than 1%
3 50%
4 1%
5 5%
answer: 2 less than 1%
Gravity "powers" all of the following processes of the hydrological cycle except___________

1 precipitation
2 Gravity powers all of these processes.
3 runoff
4 infiltration
5 transpiration
answer: 5 transpiration
California is naturally close to seawater. When this seawater seeps into existing water tables that are depleted from the over withdrawing of water it is known as _________. The can contaminate the wells and cause serious issues for landowners.

1 seawater breach
2 saltwater invasion
3 seawater infiltration
4 saltwater intrusion
answer: 4 saltwater intrusion
The Colorado River Basin is heavily dependent on the Colorado River. What might occur if the Colorado River was no longer available for the American Southwest to draw water from? Select all that apply.

1 all answers are correct
2 cities such as Phoenix, San Diego, and Los Angeles would be out of water
3 irrigation in surrounding areas would suffer and crop losses would occur
4 hydroelectric power on the river would cease
answer: 1 all answers are correct
True or False: Most of the world's population has access to the water falling back to Earth.

1 True
2 False
answer: 2 False
True or False: Potable water is water that is safe to consume.

1 True
2 False
answer: 1 True
The largest potential source of freshwater is found in ________________.

1 polar ice caps & glaciers
2 lakes
3 oceans
4 groundwater
5 rivers
answer: 1 polar ice caps & glaciers
If you wanted to have a snack, but also wanted to be conscious of your water consumption, which would be the most wise choice for your snack?

1 PB&J sandwich
2 apple
3 beef burrito
4 chicken sandwich
5 corn on the cob
answer: 2 apple
Which statement about recycled water projects is true?

1 Public perception of recycled water projects depends on how plagued their community is by water-scarcity issues.
2 A statewide survey in Arizona, a drought-stricken state, found that residents did not support recycled water projects.
3 When it comes to citizen understanding, the "toilet to tap" phrase is the best explanation of recycled water projects.
4 Most recycled water projects are unsuccessful.
5 Public perception of recycled water projects is, for the majority, negative.
answer: 1 Public perception of recycled water projects depends on how plagued their community is by water-scarcity issues.
In the southwestern United States, the use of water is approaching or exceeding sustainable limits. This is a good example of _______________.

1 physical water scarcity
2 All of these choices.
3 inadequate sanitation
4 economic water scarcity
5 None of these choices.
answer: 1 physical water scarcity
Lake Erie experiences large algal blooms due to an increase in nutrients added to the system. What is one of the major contributors to this nutrient load?

1 point source pollution
2 agricultural runoff
3 toxic waste dumping
4 household sewage
5 stormwater runoff
answer: 2 agricultural runoff
True or False: Most of the world's population has access to the water falling back to Earth.
False
Approximately how many people of not have access to fresh water or appropriate sanitation?
1 billion
California is naturally close to seawater. When this seawater seeps into existing water tables that are depleted from the over withdrawing of water it is known as _________. The can contaminate the wells and cause serious issues for landowners.
saltwater intrusion
Primary treatment
Secondary treatment
Tertiary treatment
1. Removes suspended and floating particles

2. Uses microorganisms to reduce water's biochemical oxygen demand
3. Reduces phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations
The Colorado River is used for much of the agriculture in the western portion of the United Stated. When the water that is used for irrigation soaks into the soil but does not run off the land into rivers like natural precipitation, this is known as __________________.
salinization
The Colorado River Basin is heavily dependent on the Colorado River. What might occur if the Colorado River was no longer available for the American Southwest to draw water from? Select all that apply.

1 all answers are correct
2 cities such as Phoenix, San Diego, and Los Angeles would be out of water
3 irrigation in surrounding areas would suffer and crop losses would occur
4 hydroelectric power on the river would cease
answer: 1 all answers are correct
1 al; answers correct
If you wanted to have a snack, but also wanted to be conscious of your water consumption, which would be the most wise choice for your snack?
apple
Lake Erie experiences large algal blooms due to an increase in nutrients added to the system. What is one of the major contributors to this nutrient load?
agricultural runoff
Nonpoint source pollution is easier for the EPA to monitor and control than Point Source pollution.
False
Littoral Zone - shallower water near the shore
Profundal - deeper water where sunlight cannot penetrate
Limnetic - open water that sunlight can penetrate and allow for photosynthesis
see term
What are ways that urban storm runoff might be reduced
1. clean debris out of street gutters
2. plant a grass cover over any exposed dirt
3. Have a professional inspect your septic tank
Grand Lake St. Marys would be an example of which type of lake?
Eutrophic
see week 11 long list of terms
...
Which statement(s) about the Clean Air Act is/are TRUE?
All of the above
Which of the following molecules might you release into the atmosphere...
CFCs
N2O
CO2
Rank the gases by their contribution to the greenhouse effect
least: O3---CH4---CO2---H2O: greatest
match the term: check google docs
EIS
Carbon Cpature
the United States uses about ______ tons of coal
1 billion; 45%
_____ operated as a coal-fired power plant
McCracken
Coal is the main fossil fuel source used to produce electricity
TRUE
__________ is the largest consumer of coal
(AEP)
The United States produces more oil than it consumes
false
what are some issues that are associated with using tar sand operations
All of them except : the operation creates jobs and a boost to the economy
Individuals can make a difference in energy security and the reduction...
Turning their thermostat down
taking public transportation
switching to renewable
reducing energy usage
what does the term peak oil mean
It is the moment in time when oil reaches its highest production levels.
which renewable resource supplies more electricity
hydropower
which of the following electricity energy sources is least expensive to the consumer
fossil fuels
Michael Faraday...
mechanical, electrical
which state (megawatts)
California
__________ is energy released when an atom is split or combines w/ another to form a new atom
nuclear energy
Where are spent fuel rods currently stored?
on-site in steel-lined pools
Energy return on energy invested (EROEI) is the ratio
hydroelectric
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