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English Final Review

Terms in this set (130)

Greek Mythology
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Name the two primordial gods we are concerned with.
Gaia (Mother Earth) and Ouranos (Uranus, Father Heaven)
Name five Titans.
Kronos, Prometheus, Epimetheus, Atlas, Mnemosyne
How many Olympians are there?
12
Name three Olympians.
Possible answers: Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hera, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Hermes, Aphrodite, Dionysus
Who is the supreme god of the Olympians?
Zeus
What is Zeus the god of?
the sky, specifically storms and lightning
What are Zeus's Roman names?
Jupiter, Jove
Who is Hera?
wife of Zeus, queen of the gods
What is Hera's Roman name?
Juno
What is Hera the goddess of?
marriage
What is Hera best known for?
her jealousy
Who is Poseidon the brother of?
Zeus
What is Poseidon's Roman name?
Neptune
What is Poseidon the god of?
the sea, earthquakes
Who is Hades's brother?
Zeus
What is Hades's Roman name?
Pluto
What is Hades the god of?
the underworld
What is Demeter's Roman name?
Ceres
What is Demeter the goddess of?
the harvest; she is one of the goddesses of Earth
What is Apollo's Roman name?
Apollo
What is Apollo the god of?
the sun, light, music, and prophesy
Who is Apollo's twin sister?
Artemis
What is Artemis's Roman name?
Diana
What is Artemis the goddess of?
the hunt and the moon
Who is Ares the son of?
Zeus and Hera
What is Ares's Roman name?
Mars
What is Ares the god of?
war
What is Aphrodite's Roman name?
Venus
What is Aphrodite the goddess of?
love and beauty
What is Athena's Roman name?
Minerva
What is Athena the goddess of?
wisdom and war
Who are Athena's parents?
Zeus and Metis (cunning)
What is special/different about the way Athena came to be?
She sprang from Zeus's head.
What symbol represents Athena?
the owl
What is Hermes's Roman name?
Mercury
What is Hermes's role among the gods?
He is the messenger of the gods.
What is Hermes the god of?
boundaries
Which archetype does Hermes often fulfill?
the trickster archetype
What is Dionysus's Roman name?
Bacchus
What is Dionysus the god of?
wine and fertility
What is Dionysus the patron god of?
Greek theater
Who are Persephone's parents?
Zeus and Demeter
What is Persephone's Roman name?
Proserpine
Who abducted Persephone?
Hades
What is Persephone the goddess of?
the underworld
What is another name for the Erinnyes?
the Furies
What are the Furies Roman names?
Furiae and Dirae
What are the Furies the goddesses of?
vengeance
How many Furies are there?
three
To whom are the Satyrs companions?
Dionysus
Satyrs are half man/half _______.
goat
What are the Satyrs the gods of?
the woods and mountains
Whom are the Centaurs followers of?
Dionysus
The Centaurs are half man/half ________.
horse
The Centaurs are generally ____________________.
savage creatures
What is Campbell's first function of myth?
to evoke awe
What is Campbell's second function of myth?
to give explanation for the form and function of the cosmos
What is Campbell's third function of myth?
to validate and maintain a certain sociological system
What is Campbell's fourth function of myth?
psychological, shows how to live through the stages of life: birth --> maturity --> senility --> death
Lord of the Flies
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Who is the author of Lord of the Flies?
William Golding
List four symbols in Lord of the Flies.
the conch, the beast, Piggy's glasses, and masks
What archetype does Ralph represent?
the everyman
What archetype does Jack represent?
the tyrant
What three archetypes do Piggy represent?
the blind prophet, the outcast, and the scapegoat
What archetype does Roger represent?
the trickster
What is the Freudian id?
"I want to." Instinctive and primitive behaviors, driven by the pleasure principle, immediate gratification of all desires, wants, and needs.
What is the Freudian ego?
"Can I really do this?" Strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways, weighs costs and benefits before acting on impulse.
What is the Freudian superego?
"Should I really do this?" Works to suppress all unacceptable urges of the id and struggles to make the ego act upon idealistic standards rather than upon realistic principles.
Which character represents Rousseau's political philosophy?
Ralph
What is a word/phrase that summarizes Rousseau's political philosophy?
republican democracy
What did Rousseau believe was the human state of nature?
Rousseau believed that in the state of nature, humans are "noble savages," and that the human state of nature is corrupted when people form society because people become motivated by greed and power.
Which character represents Hobbes's political philosophy?
Jack
What is a word/phrase that summarizes Hobbes's political philosophy?
dictatorship, totalitarianism
What did Hobbes believe was the human state of nature?
Hobbes believed that in the state of nature, humans are selfish and greedy.
Who is known for having said that life is "solitary, nasty, brutish, and short"?
Hobbes
Which character represents Locke's political philosophy?
Piggy
What is a word/phrase that summarizes Locke's political philosophy?
natural rights
What did Locke believe about the state of nature?
Locke believed that the state of nature began with freedom and equality, but that people struggled to protect these rights, and that is why a constitutional government was necessary -- to protect natural rights.
What is a social contract?
an agreement to give up some freedoms to protect others (such as security and order); obligation to one another
What is the common good?
what benefits the collective
What is the general will?
the will of the people as a whole
What are natural rights?
universal, unalienable rights that every person is born with and that exist in the state of nature
What is the state of nature?
the way things were before civilization; no rules, human nature drives actions
Frankenstein
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Who wrote Frankenstein?
Mary Shelley
List the three most prevalent literary devices in Frankenstein.
1. Nature metaphors describing emotions
2. Fire/hell imagery (religious language) to describe emotions and passions
3. Slavery imagery to describe emotions being in control
Who was Victor's favorite professor at the University of Ingolstadt?
Mr. Waldman; he is Victor's favorite because of his gentleness and understanding
What does Victor study?
chemistry
What does Henry Clerval study?
language, history, and fantasy
What is the monster's first sadness?
the monster first experiences sadness when he is rejected by the villagers he approaches
What does the monster symbolize?
- how by isolating/outcasting individuals, society creates its own monsters
- the duality of human nature
- the dangers of all-consuming passion
What is a frame narrative?
a story within a story
What is the purpose of the frame narrative in Frankenstein?
to demonstrate the similarities between the thoughts and experiences of Walton, Frankenstein, and the monster, and therefore make a claim about human nature/the universal experience (loneliness, passion)
Why is Frankenstein called "the Modern Prometheus?"
the stories of Prometheus and Frankenstein are both cautionary tales warning of the danger of corrupting the natural order
Oedipus the King
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Who wrote the Oedipus plays?
Sophocles
What is the structure of a Greek tragedy?
Prologos, Parodos, Episode 1, Ode 1, Episode 2, Ode 2, Episode 3, Ode 3, Episode 4, Ode 4, Exodos
What are the names of Oedipus's daughters with Jocasta?
Antigone and Ismene
Define hamartia.
a fatal flaw that leads to the downfall of a tragic hero
Define hubris.
excessive pride
Define anagnorisis.
realization of hamartia, discovery that something has gone horribly wrong
Define peripeteia.
sudden reversal of fortune
Define catastrophe.
closing portion of a drama, the final resolution
Define catharsis.
desired effect of a tragic play on an audience, arouses pity and fear in order to purge these emotions
What is the function of the chorus?
-provide background information
-reflect on events
-give advice
-establish an ethical perception
-set the mood of the play
-reflect the views of the Ancient Greeks
How does the Chorus react upon Oedipus's guilt being revealed?
The Chorus pities Oedipus, since they believe he had no control over the events of his life.
What are the characteristics of a tragic hero?
1.flaw or error of judgement (hamartia)
2. a reversal of fortune (peripeteia) brought about because of the hero's error in judgement
3. the discovery or recognition that the reversal was brought about by the hero's own actions (anagnorisis)
4. excessive pride (hubris)
5. the character's fate must be greater than deserved
Define anastrophe.
the inversion of the usual order of words or clauses
Define anaphora.
the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses
Define epistrophe.
the repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences
Define anadiplosis.
the last word or phrase of one clause, sentence, or line is repeated at the beginning of the next
Define polysyndeton.
repetition of conjunctions in close succession
Define asyndeton.
the omission or absence of a conjunction between parts of a sentence
Archetypes
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What are the characteristics of the everyman?
the everyman is relatable and flawed
What are the characteristics of the outcast?
the outcast is rejected/isolated from society
What are the characteristics of the scapegoat?
the scapegoat is blamed for the wrongdoings of other characters
What are the characteristics of the tyrant?
the tyrant is cruel, manipulative, unlawful, and dictator-like
What are the characteristics of the Christ figure?
the Christ figure cares for the oppressed and is a messenger of the good news/truth
What are the characteristics of the blind prophet?
the blind prophet possesses knowledge and wisdom beyond physical sight, while being blind or visually impaired in some way
What are the characteristics of the trickster?
the trickster is mischievous, plays tricks or otherwise disobeys normal rules and conventional behavior, and openly questions and mocks authority
What are the characteristics of the temptress?
the temptress is a woman of tremendous charm and desirability but who is at core unethical, utilizing men and leading them into treacherous situations
What are the characteristics of the loss of innocence archetype?
in the loss of innocence archetype, an innocent or ignorant individual experiences an event or realization causing a shift towards experience and knowledge
What are the characteristics of the journey into darkness archetype?
the journey into darkness is metaphorical for the darkness bringing out the worst in oneself, confronting the dark side of ourselves, and light vs darkness; makes a dynamic character, engineers change -- one must conquer something about themself; often the darkness is the underworld
What are the characteristics of the irresponsible youth?
the irresponsible youth is characterized by hubris, impulsivity, and naivete
What are the characteristics of the mentor?
the mentor is an experienced, trusted, and wise person who imparts advice
What are the characteristics of the loyal retainer?
the loyal retainer is a sidekick to the main character/hero
What are the characteristics of the damsel in distress?
the damsel in distress is a young woman in need of saving
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