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Chemistry final :'(

Terms in this set (15)

What is the difference between law and theory?
Definition: A theory explains behavior. A law is a measurable relationship. Comparison: A law determines what happens in nature. A theory explains how or why
Classify the types of matter. Know examples
Helium gas (He) Element: He is element #2 of the 118 elements of the Periodic Table
Water (H2O) Compound: the elements H and O are chemically bound together
An oak tree (wood, bark, and leaves) Heterogeneous mixture: a mixture of elements and/or compounds that looks different throughout
Air (O2, N2, CO2, and other gases) Homogeneous mixture: a mixture of elements and/or compounds that looks the same throughout
What are the names given to the phases changes of matter? Definition of a physical change. Know Examples.
Definition: A physical change is a reversible change in the physical state of matter.
Melting: solid to a liquid
Freezing: liquid to a solid
Vaporizing: liquid to a gas
Condensing: gas to a liquid
Sublimation: solid to a gas
Deposition: gas to a solid
Determine which is a chemical change. Recognize a chemical change
Definition: A chemical change is an irreversible change of matter whereby the products formed are different from the reactants used. (An additional chemical change can reverse a chemical change.)
Percent by mass. Calculate the mass of an element given the total mass and a percent.
If a 10¢ coin has a mass of 2.27 g and is 91.7 % copper, what is the mass of nickel in the 10¢ coin? 100 % coin - 91.7 % copper = 8.3 % nickel 2.27 g x .083 = 0.188 g nickel
Percent by mass. Calculate the mass of an element given the total mass and a percent.
If a 1¢ coin has a mass of 2.50 g and is 97.5 % zinc, what is the mass of copper in the 1¢ coin? 100 % coin - 97.5% copper = 2.5 % copper 2.50 g x .025 = 0.0625 g copper
Given the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons, determine the symbol of the isotope.
Which element, isotope, or ion listed below contains 55 protons, 80 neutrons, and 54 electrons? C𝑠 +1 55 135
Recognize the element with similar chemical properties. Elements in the same group have similar properties.
Which of the following has chemical properties most similar to lithium? All family members of Group 1 (Alkali metals) including Na, K, Rb, Cs, and Fr
What produces the atomic fingerprint of an element? Definition of "atomic fingerprint"
Definition: electrons drop from higher energy levels (excited states) to lower energy levels (eventually their ground states) releasing photons of colored light producing an "atomic fingerprint"
Determine the noble gas core electron configuration of a transition metal cation
What is the electron configuration using core notation for Fe3+? [Ar] 3d5
Do metals / nonmetals lose or gain valence electrons? Do metals / nonmetals form cations or anions?
A metal is an element that tends to lose valence electrons in chemical reactions, becoming a cation in the process.
A non-metal is an element that tends to gain valence electrons in chemical reactions, becoming an anion in the process.
How does one change one element into another element? Define a nuclear reaction.
Definition: The only way to change and element to another. Nuclear reactions can change the number of protons or neutrons in the nucleus, fuse atoms together (fusion), or split atoms apart (fission).
Determine the daughter of a nuclear reaction. Identify X in a nuclear reaction
12C + 4He → 15O + 1n
20Ne + 4He → 23Mg + 1n
What kind of radiation is able to penetrate the easiest through human tissue?
Alpha particles cannot penetrate through paper or skin.
Beta particles cannot penetrate through aluminum foil or bone.
Gamma particles cannot penetrate through thick lead or concrete (easiest through human tissue).
Definition of a covalent bond.
Definition: a stable arrangement of atoms made by sharing two electrons between adjacent atoms. Contrastingly, an ionic bond is a stable arrangement of charged ions held together by electrostatic forces.
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