PSYC 1010 Exam 3

Imagine that B.F. Skinner is trying to get a pigeon to do a little dance. This isn't something the pigeon would do naturally, so Skinner reinforces successive approximations of the dancing behavior (e.g.; the pigeon lifts left leg and is reinforced, then lifts left then right leg and is reinforced, etc.) until he has the pigeon dancing. What is the name of the process Skinner is using?
A.
shaping
B.
classical conditioning
C.
flooding
D.
training
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Imagine that B.F. Skinner is trying to get a pigeon to do a little dance. This isn't something the pigeon would do naturally, so Skinner reinforces successive approximations of the dancing behavior (e.g.; the pigeon lifts left leg and is reinforced, then lifts left then right leg and is reinforced, etc.) until he has the pigeon dancing. What is the name of the process Skinner is using?
A.
shaping
B.
classical conditioning
C.
flooding
D.
training
A.
shaping
We can store information in our auditory sensory memory for about 4 seconds, but our visual sensory memory has a shorter duration: about __________.
A.
300 milliseconds
B.
50 milliseconds
C.
1 second
D.
100 milliseconds
A.
300 milliseconds
When Linda moved to a new apartment, she received a new phone number. It took her a good while to learn her new number - the old one kept coming to mind! Linda's forgetting of her new number is due to:
A.
suppression
B.
repression
C.
proactive interference
D.
retroactive interference
C.
proactive interference
Which of the following is not a means of forgetting?
A.
retrieval failure
B.
attention failure
C.
decay
D.
encoding failure
B.
attention failure
Which of the following statements is true?
A.
One can be very confident in memories retrieved via hypnosis
B.
Flashbulb memory is more accurate than other types of memory
C.
Loftus' studies have shown that eyewitness memories are not subject to much hindsight changes
D.
Events should be made to seem plausible for false memories to be (re)constructed as true
D.
Events should be made to seem plausible for false memories to be (re)constructed as true
Positive reinforcement __________ the probability of a preceding behavior, and negative reinforcement __________ the probability of a preceding behavior.
A.
increases; decreases
B.
increases; increases
C.
decreases; decreases
D.
decreases; increases
B.
increases; increases
Professor Igwe sees students skimming over their notes right before an exam happens, and realizes that they are trying to take advantage of:
A.
the primacy effect
B.
the recency effect
C.
the recognition effect
D.
encoding specificity
B.
the recency effect
When we are trying to maintain something in our short-term memories beyond 7 numbers or so, we may use ____________ to help keep the information present.
A.
displacement
B.
chunking
C.
discrimination
D.
recall
B.
chunking
Terry loves catching foul balls when he goes to Chicago Cubs baseball games. He never knows how long he has to wait before he'll catch the next one. What schedule of reinforcement is evident here?
A.
Variable interval schedule
B.
Fixed interval schedule
C.
Fixed ratio schedule
D.
Continuous schedule
A.
Variable interval schedule
Sperling developed the partial report method to deal with capacity and duration issues associated with __________ memory.
A.
long-term
B.
working
C.
iconic
D.
echoic
C.
iconic
For punishment to be truly effective, it needs to be __________ and __________. A. occasional; harsh B. immediate; consistent C. harsh; immediate D. immediate; occasionalB. immediate; consistentAccording to encoding specificity, in order to do better on this very test, where would have been the ideal place for you to study? A. Your room/apartment/home B. The school library C. The room in which you're taking the exam D. A place where you've studied for exams on which you've received high gradesC. The room in which you're taking the examCharles attends classes every day because he knows his grades would go down a letter grade if his attendance were low. This is an example of: A. Positive reinforcement B. Punishment by application C. Punishment by removal D. Negative reinforcementD. Negative reinforcementWhich of the following models of memory can be used to explain why thinking about the meaning of something results in longer retention? A. Parallel distributing processing B. Three-stage process of memory C. Levels of processing D. Information processing modelC. Levels of processingJane is taking an essay test, and needs to retrieve from memory some information about the War of 1812. How will she do this? A. she'll hope the information in the question gives her hints as to the answer B. she'll write down basic info, and hope that triggers other information in memory C. she'll look back to other questions that ask about the same time period D. she could use any or all of the above techniquesD. she could use any or all of the above techniquesDrug advertisers usually list negative side effects in the middle of their commercials so you'll be less likely to remember that information. They do this based on the: A. Misinformation effect B. Recency effect C. Primacy effect D. Serial position effectD. Serial position effectIf you stop pairing a conditioned stimulus (CS) with an unconditioned stimulus (US), what might happen? A. the animal will keep making the conditioned response (CR) when exposed to the CS B. the animal will cease making the CR when exposed to the CS C. the animal will make the CR, but with a lowered strength D. all of the aboveD. all of the aboveWhen John Watson made Little Albert terrified of white rats, they also noticed that he was frightened of things like white beards and white furry hats, though to a lesser extent than the rat. What does this observation reflect? A. operant conditioning B. generalization C. extinction D. discriminationB. generalizationA dog starts to salivate when hearing the sound of the metronome without any food present. The sound of the metronome is now a(n): A. Unconditioned response B. Unconditioned stimulus C. Conditioned stimulus D. Conditioned responseC. Conditioned stimulusRatio schedules of reinforcement deliver the reinforcer based on: A. number of behaviors B. amount of reinforcer C. number of punishers D. amount of timeA. number of behaviorsWhen playing slot machines, people put their money in without knowing when the jackpot will come, but they do know that putting money in will eventually win them the jackpot...unless they use up all their money first! These people are being reinforced by which schedule of reinforcement? A. Variable interval B. Fixed interval C. Fixed ratio D. Variable ratioD. Variable ratioThe phenomenon of _____________ is when older information prevents or interferes with the learning or retrieval of new information. A. Encoding failure B. Anterograde amnesia C. Retroactive interference D. Proactive interferenceD. Proactive interferenceProfessor Mazurek decided to go to Zaxby's for dinner. After eating their chicken, later that evening he became ill, suffering bouts of nausea and vomiting. Based on Garcia's research on taste aversion, what might we predict will happen? A. Professor Mazurek will develop a strong liking for Zaxby's chicken and will be excited to go back again for dinner. B. Professor Mazurek will develop a disliking for Zaxby's chicken or feel sick when he thinks about eating there. C. Professor Mazurek will be unaffected by this experience. D. Professor Mazurek will continue to eat Zaxby's chicken until he starts feeling sick.B. Professor Mazurek will develop a disliking for Zaxby's chicken or feel sick when he thinks about eating there.Alice gets a quarter from her mother every night if she finishes her homework. Brittany gets a dollar from her mother by the end of the week if she finishes her homework seven nights in a row. Who is less likely to stop doing their homework once the mother stops giving the girls money? A. Alice B. Brittany C. They will both stop doing their homework as soon as the reinforcement stops D. They will both continue doing their homework because once learning is established, it persists indefinitelyB. BrittanyTrey is a waiter at the Zocalo restaurant in downtown Charlottesville. He often takes customers' orders without writing them down—storing it in his memory just long enough to put their order into the computer. Which memory system is Trey using to store customers' orders? A. echoic memory B. sensory memory C. long-term memory D. short-term memoryD. short-term memoryThe reason why patients with anterograde amnesia can solve the Tower of Hanoi puzzle even while claiming that they had never seen it before is because solving the puzzle involves __________ memory.implicitSix months ago Tom suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI) to the hippocampal area of his brain. Since then he has experienced the inability to form new long-term memories. Tom has __________________ as a result of his TBIanterograde amnesiaWilbur the pig was trained and reinforced to pick up and put several coins into a piggy bank. Once he learned how, he was good at this! But over time, Wilbur got slower, started dropping coins, and rooting (pushing) the coins with his nose. Eventually, Wilbur was spending much more time dropping and rooting the coins than putting them into the piggy bank due to ________instinctive driftOften employed by advertisers, the learning process of becoming classically conditioned by simply watching someone else respond to a stimulus is called_____________observational learning______________, a result of strengthened synaptic connections following repeated neuronal firings, is the process through which long term memories are created.long-term potentiationYour text mentioned a case study of H.M., a man who could could not consolidate and store any new information. This was because his ____________ , a part of the brain that is responsible for consolidation of new events, was removed.hippocampusA __________ reinforcer fulfills a basic need. Touch is an example.primaryIn classical conditioning, the process of removing the bond between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus is called ________________extinctionThe reappearance of a learned response (CS-->CR) after extinction has occurred is called ____________________________spontaneous recoveryThrough the formation of ____________ , your brain stores and/or reconstructs memories.schema