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Evolution Chapter 18 Book Questions

Terms in this set (10)

Which cytomegalovirus is the Ppyg cytomegalovirus (CMV) more closely related to?
a. Human cytomegalovirus.
b. New World monkey (NWM) cytomegalovirus.
c. Old World monkey (OWM) cytomegalovirus.
d. It is equally related to all the other cytomegaloviruses.
a. Human cytomegalovirus.
How important are mutations in the evolution of HIV once the virus has infected a host, and why?
a. Very important. Mutations will weaken the virus, allowing the immune system to mount a response.
b. Very important. Mutations give rise to variation that can generate fitness advantages within a host and lead to evolution of HIV resistance to immune system responses.
c. Not important. Mutations are always deleterious; a virus experiencing mutations would eventually be destroyed by the host's immune system.
d. Not important. HIV cannot evolve once it has entered a host because it does not reproduce sexually.
b. Very important. Mutations give rise to variation that can generate fitness advantages within a host and lead to evolution of HIV resistance to immune system responses.
How did conditions during World War I operate to maintain exceptionally high virulence in the influenza virus?
a. Crowded conditions increased the relative importance of selection for efficient transmission across hosts, leading to increased spread of the virus and evolution of increased
virulence.
b. The high mobility of infected patients reduced the relative
importance of selection for efficient transmission across hosts, favoring selection acting within hosts and driving the evolution of increased virulence.
c. Vaccines caused the evolution of increased virulence in the virus.
d. All of the above.
b. The high mobility of infected patients reduced the relative
importance of selection for efficient transmission across hosts, favoring selection acting within hosts and driving the evolution of increased virulence.
What factors associated with the evolutionary biology of bacteria facilitate the evolution of resistance to antibiotics?
a. High mutation rates.
b. Horizontal gene transfer.
c. Sublethal doses of antibiotics.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.

a. High mutation rates.
b. Horizontal gene transfer.
c. Sublethal doses of antibiotics.
Which of the following statements about viral reassortment is false?
a. Viral reassortment is a type of horizontal gene transfer.
b. Viral reassortment can add to the genetic variation of virus populations, speeding their evolution as they adapt to different hosts.
c. Viral reassortment can add to the genetic variation of a virus within a host by producing new combinations of genes not seen before.
d. None of the above.
d. None of the above.

a. Viral reassortment is a type of horizontal gene transfer.
b. Viral reassortment can add to the genetic variation of virus populations, speeding their evolution as they adapt to different hosts.
c. Viral reassortment can add to the genetic variation of a virus within a host by producing new combinations of genes not seen before.
Why is a child born on the island of Pingelap more than 1500 times more likely to be completely color-blind than a child born in the United States?
a. Because of a founder event several generations ago that reduced the Pingelap population to 20 individuals.
b. Because achromatopsia is caused by excessive exposure to sunlight.
c. Because 100% of Han Chinese carry the rs9923231 T allele.
d. Because sufferers of this disorder are only able to perceive black, white, and shades of gray due to the absence of functioning photoreceptors in the retina.
a. Because of a founder event several generations ago that reduced the Pingelap population to 20 individuals.
What types of genetic variation might contribute to differences in how individuals metabolize drugs?
a. Variation among individuals in alleles for protein-coding genes.
b. Variation among individuals in the pleiotropic effects of genes.
c. Variation among individuals in segments of DNA that affect gene expression.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.

a. Variation among individuals in alleles for protein-coding genes.
b. Variation among individuals in the pleiotropic effects of genes.
c. Variation among individuals in segments of DNA that affect gene expression.
An example of antagonistic pleiotropy is
a. a gene that produces a protein that can stop cells from turning cancerous but damages tissues that may be more
likely to become cancerous later in life.
b. a gene with two alleles: one that increases susceptibility to cancer and one that decreases it.
c. a developmental gene that is influenced by the environment.
d. a mutation that produces a protein that can enhance development both early and later in life.
a. a gene that produces a protein that can stop cells from turning cancerous but damages tissues that may be more
likely to become cancerous later in life.
Which statement is not a prediction of the "Old Friends" hypothesis?
a. Children who frequently play outside should develop allergic diseases less often than children who don't play outside.
b. Children who never wash their hands or bathe will be less likely to develop immune disorders than children who wash regularly.
c. The more infectious diseases an individual is exposed to as a
child, the less likely that person will be to develop immune disorders as an adult.
d. Extensive use of antibiotics as a child may affect how the
body responds to future bacterial invasions.
b. Children who never wash their hands or bathe will be less likely to develop immune disorders than children who wash regularly.
Why is understanding evolutionary biology important to the future of medicine?
a. Because phylogenies can be used to predict which influenza viruses may be particularly likely to cause future epidemics.
b. Because studying how other species fight diseases like cancer may lead to innovative strategies or drugs.
c. Because evolutionary biology can guide the development of antibiotic treatments, antiviral drugs, and chemotherapy.
d. All of the above.
d. All of the above.

a. Because phylogenies can be used to predict which influenza viruses may be particularly likely to cause future epidemics.
b. Because studying how other species fight diseases like cancer may lead to innovative strategies or drugs.
c. Because evolutionary biology can guide the development of antibiotic treatments, antiviral drugs, and chemotherapy.
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