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Psychology Test 3

Terms in this set (69)

The capacity to understand the world, think rationally, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges.
What is intelligence?
•Fluid intelligence- reflects the ability to reason abstractly
•Crystallized intelligence- accumulation of information skills, and strategies that are learned through experience (people learn through experience and education)
What is the difference between fluid intelligence and crystallized intelligence?
•Multiple intelligences beyond the g-factor
•Proposes that there are 8 distinct spheres of intelligence.
•Existential intelligence- identifying the fundamental questions of human existence.
•Led to the development of intelligence tests.
•Musical, Bodily Kinesthetic, Logical, Linguistic, Spacial, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalist
What approach to intelligence did Howard Gardner take? What is it and how many, what are they?
Musical- skills involving music
Bodily-kinesthetic- skills using the whole body
Logical- skills in problem-solving
Linguistic- skills involving language
Spatial- skills involving spatial configurations (artists and architects)
Interpersonal- skills interacting with others
Intrapersonal- access to ones own feelings
Naturalist- identify patterns in nature
Define each of Gardner's 8 intelligences.
Related to overall success in living (example: analytical and creative)
What is practical intelligence?
The set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotions.
What is emotional intelligence?
The size and shape of the head determined intelligence.
What test it intelligence did Sir Francis Galton put forward?
•Eugenics- the breeding of smart humans
•Morgan Sanger
What did Galton's theories lead to and who took this up in the US?
Alfred Binet, mental age/chronological age x 100 = IQ
Who developed the first real intelligence test? What premise did his tests follow? How did he determine IQ score?
Stanford-Binet and WAIS (Weshler)
What are the two main intelligence tests today for adults?
WISC-IV
What is the main intelligence test for children?
Reliability, validity, and normal
What are the three characteristics that determine the accuracy of an intelligence test?
Condition characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
What is intellectual disability (mental retardation)?
•Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (most preventable)
•Down Syndrome
•Familial Retardation
What are the most common roots of Mental Retardation?
Factors that direct and energize the behavior of humans and other organisms.
What is motivation?
•Instinct Approaches- born to be motivated
•Drive-Reduction Approach- satisfy our needs
•Arousal Approach- beyond drive reduction
•Incentive Approach- motivations pull, motivation stems from desire rewards
•Cognitive Approach-the thoughts behind motivation
•Maslow's Hierarchy- ordering motivational needs
What are the six major approaches to motivation?
Feelings that generally have both physiological and cognitive elements and that influence behavior.
What are emotions?
•Preparing us for action
•Shaping our future behavior
•Helping is interact more effectively with others
What are the three functions of emotions?
Happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust
What are the five basic emotions?
Work and cigars
What were Freud's addictions?
Women, he never understood them, called them the dark continent.
What was Freuds most difficult problem that he never figured out?
Patient develops feelings for therapist.
What is transference?
hypnosis, talk-therapy, self analysis, thanatos, erotos, Sharko?
What were Freud's key ideas and who influenced him?
Sigmund Freud
Who is the champion/founder/father of Psychoanalysis?
Unconscience forces
What are the psychodynamic approaches to personality based on?
•Id- the raw, unorganized, inborn part of personality whose sole purpose is to reduce tension created by primitive drives related to hunger, sex, aggression, and irrational impulses (pleasure principles)
•Ego- the part of the personality that provides a buffer between the Id and the outside world (reality principle) executive of personality
•Superego- According to Freud, the final personality structure to develop; represents the rights and wrongs of society as handed down by a person's parents, teachers, and other important figures
What are the Id, Ego, and Superego?
•Repression- Unacceptable to unpleasant impulses are pushed out of awareness and back into the unconscience (unable to recall rape)
•Regression- People behave as if they were at an earlier stage of development (boss has tantrum when employee makes mistake)
•Displacement- The expression of an unwanted feeling or thought is redirected from a more threatening powerful person to a weaker one
•Rationalization- People provide self-justifying explanations in place of the actual, but threatening, reason for their behavior
•Denial- People refuse to accept or acknowledge an anxiety-producing piece of information
•Projection- people attribute unwanted impulses and feelings to someone else
•Sublimation- people divert unwanted impulses into socially approved thoughts, feelings, or behavior
•Reaction Formation- unconscience impulses are expressed as their opposite in consciousness
What are the 8 defense mechanisms?
•Carl Jung- A common set of ideas, feelings, images, and symbols that we inherit from our ancestors (promoted collective conscience)
•Karen Hornet- "first feminist psychologist", personality develops in context of social relationships (championed women's issues)
•Alfred Adler- proposed that the primary human motivation is a striving for superiority in a quest for self-improvement and perfection
Who were some of the Neo-Freudians? What were their contributions?
Model of personality that seeks to identify the basic traits necessary to describe personality.
What is trait theory?
•Openness to experience
•Conscientiousness
•Extraversion
•Agreeableness
•Neuroticism (Emotional Stability)
What are the big 5 personality traits that some researchers say underlie personality?
An individual's behavior style and characteristics way of responding emerges early in life.
What is temperament?
•Deviant- thoughts and behavior different from normal society
•Distressful- a subjective feeling that something is really wrong
•Dysfunctional- not being able to function in society
How can we distinguish normal from abnormal behavior?
Occurrence of anxiety without an obvious external cause that affects daily functioning.
When does an anxiety disorder occur?
Intense, irrational fears of specific objects or situations. (fear of spiders, storms, heights, blood, flying, embarrassment)
What is a phobic disorder?
Takes the form of panic attacks lasting from a few seconds to several hours. Doesn't have a specific reason. Panic attacks cause shortness of breath, dizziness, etc.
What is a panic disorder?
•Obsession- a persistent, unwanted thought that keeps recurring
•Compulsion- irresistible urges to repeatedly carry out some act that seems strange and unreasonable
What is obsessive compulsive disorder?
Psychological difficulties that take on a physical (somatic) form, but for which there is not medical cause.
What is somatoform disorder?
Constant fear of illness and a preoccupation with one's health
What is an illness anxiety disorder?
Actual physical disturbance such as the inability to use a sensory organ or the complete or partial inability to move limbs.
What is conversion disorder?
Disturbances in emotional experiences that are strong enough to intrude on everyday living.
What is mood disorder?
Person alternates between periods of euphoric feelings of mania and periods of depression.
What is bipolar disorder?
A severe form of depression that interferes with concentration, decision making, and sociability (NOT SADNESS)
What classifies as major depression?
•Depth- how deep it is
•Duration- how long it lasts
What are the two marks (hallmarks) of major depression?
It means split mind, actually is split from reality.
What does the word Schizophrenia mean? What is it really?
Class of disorders in which severe distortion of reality occurs.
•Decline from previous level of functioning
•DIsturbances of thought and speech
•Delusions
•Hallucinations and perceptual disorders
•Inappropriate emotional displays
•Withdrawal from society
What is schizophrenia and what are the characteristics?
A person is aware they have a problem but they don't like it. (anxiety, depression, OCD, mood disorders)
What is Ego dystonic?
Someone has a problem that they are not aware of but everyone else is (personality disorders and bipolar in the manic stage)
What is Ego Syntonic?
Characterized by a set of inflexible, maladaptive behavior patterns that keep a person from functioning appropriately in society.
What are personality disorders?
Entire population- 1%
Incarcerated population- 16%
What percentage of the population has a personality disorder? What percentage of incarcerated population has a personality disorder?
If the person shows no regard for the moral and ethical rules of society or the rights of others. (lack of guilt or anxiety)
What characterizes a person with an antisocial personality disorder?
•Regulating emotions and thoughts
•Displaying impulsive and reckless behavior
•Difficulty forming a sense of who they are
What characterizes a person with borderline personality disorder?
•A exaggerated sense of self-importance
•Expects special treatment from others
•Inability to express feelings
What characterizes a person with narcissistic personality disorder?
•Anorexia
•Bulimia
•Binge-eating disorder
What are the three main eating disorders?
Eating disorders (specifically Anorexia)
What mental health disorders have the highest mortality rate?
psychological
Are eating disorders physiological or psychological?
•Seeks to bring unresolved past conflicts and unacceptable impulses from the unconscious into the conscience.
•Goal is to release hidden unconscience thoughts and feelings in order to reduce their power in controlling behavior
•Defense mechanism
How do the psychodynamic approaches to therapy seek to address abnormal behavior?
•Make use of the basic process of learning such as reinforcement and extinction, to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior
•Goal is to change peoples behavior to allow them to function more effectively.
How do the behavior approaches to therapy seek to address abnormal behavior?
•Aversive Conditioning- reduces the frequency of undesired behavior by pairing with an aversive stimulus (nail polish preventing biting)
•Systematic Desensitization- exposure to an anxiety-producing stimulus paired with deep relation to extinguish the response of anxiety; pair with something unpleasant (Hierarchy of fears)
•Flooding Treatments- People are suddenly confronted with a stimulus that they fear (If you have a fear of snakes, watch a movie with snakes)
What are the three main classical conditioning treatments and what are they?
•Token system- Rewards a person for desired behavior with a token (tornado ticket)
•Contingency Contracting- Agreement is drawn stating the behavioral goals the client hopes to achieve (syllabus)
•Observational learning- Behavior of other people is modeled, to systematically teach new skills (afraid of dogs, watch someone play nicely with a dog)
What are the three main operant conditioning treatments and what are they?
Teach people to think in more adaptive ways by changing their dysfunctional cognitions about the world and themselves.
How do the cognitive approaches to therapy seek to address abnormal behavior?
Incorporates basic principles of learning to change the way people think. Aaron Beck
What is the cognitive behavioral approach and who taught cognitive behavior therapy?
Attempt to restructure a person's belief system into a move.
Albert Ellis
What is rational emotive therapy and who taught it?
People have control of their behavior, con make choices about their lives. Believes people are naturally motivated to seek self-actualization.
How do the humanistic approaches to therapy seek to address abnormal behavior?
Goal is to react to ones potential for self-actualization.
What is person-centered therapy and what is unconditional positive regard?
Recover without any formal treatment. "time heals wounds"
What is spontaneous remission?
No therapy works best for everyone.
What is the best, most effective remission?
Alters the operation of neurotransmitters and neurons in the brain.
How does drug therapy work?
Focuses on the prevention and minimization of
What is community psychology?
Transfer of former mental patients into the natural environment.
What is deinstitutionalization?
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