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15 - Academic Vocabulary

Terms in this set (132)

Agenda ~ Each leader had his own agenda for the meeting.
noun ~ a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting
Animosity ~ Despite the ideological animosity between the Soviet Union and the western allies, a new spirit of globalism was born out of World War II. It was based, in part, on the widespread recognition of the failures of isolationism.
noun ~ a strong dislike or unfriendly feeling
Authorize ~ The Security Council must authorize any actions, such as economic sanctions, the use of force, or the deployment of peacekeeping troops.
verb ~ to give official permission for something to happen
Buffer ~ In contrast, Stalin demanded a Soviet sphere of political influence in Eastern and Central Europe that the Soviets believed would provide a buffer against future invasions.
noun ~ something that helps protect from harm
Coexist ~ Although it is far from perfect, in a world with conflicting histories, agendas, and political posturing, the United Nations continues to offer a way for nations to peacefully coexist and better all of humankind.
verb ~ occur at the same time or place
Converge ~ The exact location of the Iron Curtain was a product of World War II. As Nazi Germany fell, and Hitler's armies retreated from territory they had conquered, the Allies advanced, eventually converging in Germany itself.
verb ~ to move toward the same point and come closer together or meet
Countervail ~ As the Cold War crystallized, the countervailing veto powers of the United States and the Soviet Union often served to inhibit the Security Council from taking any forceful or meaningful action in times of crisis.
verb ~ having equal force but an opposite effect
Decade ~ If this struggle that divided the world and upended lives for more than four decades was a matter of human choice, why didn't the people in 1945, when it began, make a better choice?
noun ~ a period of 10 years
Destiny ~ We often think of history as destiny: It happened, so it must have been unavoidable.
noun ~ the events that will have to happen to a particular person or thing in the future; fate
Envision ~ Perhaps a stronger international body, as envisioned by Woodrow Wilson, was necessary to keep the great powers from tearing the world apart.
verb ~ to imagine as a future possibility; visualize
Feasible ~ It was not feasible, however, to have troops who were needed on the front to continue the work of policing, so the Allies made an effort to return control to the people.
adjective ~ possible, reasonable, or likely
Humanitarian ~ The General Assembly has standing committees to address ongoing issues such as financial, social, cultural, legal and humanitarian concerns.
adjective ~ involved in or connected with improving people's lives and reducing suffering
Ideological ~ Despite the ideological animosity between the Soviet Union and the western allies, a new spirit of globalism was born out of World War II. It was based, in part, on the widespread recognition of the failures of isolationism.
adjective ~ based on or relating to a particular set of ideas or beliefs
Impoverished ~ Russia's millions of impoverished peasants hated him and the rest of the royal family.
adjective ~ extremely poor
Incarnation ~ The incarnation of this global sprit came to life with the establishment of the United Nations (UN) in 1945 with its headquarters in New York City.
noun ~ the human form of a spirit, or the human representation of a principle or idea
Inhibit ~ As the Cold War crystallized, the countervailing veto powers of the United States and the Soviet Union often served to inhibit the Security Council from taking any forceful or meaningful action in times of crisis.
verb ~ to make something less likely to happen, or to discourage someone from doing something
Internationalism ~ An examination of the decades between the two world wars showed a lack of commitment to the spirit of internationalism.
noun ~ the principle or practice of nations acting and working together
Militarization ~ The border between North Korea and South Korea remains to this day comparable to the former inner German border, particularly in its degree of militarization.
noun ~ the act of making warlike or ready for war
Mindset ~ Perhaps people just weren't ready to put their "us vs. them" mindset to rest.
noun ~ a person's way of thinking and their opinions
Peacekeeper ~ Unlike its failed predecessor the League of Nations, the United Nations can point to many solid accomplishments including sending peacekeepers to war-stricken areas, raising literacy and health rates in the Third World, and authorizing the use of force against aggressor nations.
noun ~ a special soldier whose only job is to stop violence in a troubled area
Superpower ~ For both superpowers, access to the natural resources of the Third World would be a significant advantage in their race for technological superiority.
noun ~ any of the few countries considered to be among the most powerful in the world
Unavoidable ~ We often think of history as destiny: It happened, so it must have been unavoidable.
adjective ~ unable to be prevented or stayed away from
Utopia ~ Communism had not proven to be the utopia Marx and Engels had described a century before and Americans had no desire to join in the communist experiment.
noun ~ a perfect society in which everyone is happy
Abdicate ~ The last emperor of China, Puyi, was forced to abdicate a month later on February 12.
verb ~ to give up power, usually done by a king or queen
Antagonize ~ To avoid antagonizing the Soviet Union, Marshall announced that the purpose of sending aid to Western Europe was completely humanitarian, and even offered aid to the communist states in the East, but Stalin refused.
verb ~ to anger someone enough to dislike and oppose you
Archaic ~ American tradition dictated sympathy for revolutionaries rather than archaic colonial powers.
adjective ~ of or belonging to the past; from an ancient period in history
Armistice ~ Finally, under the direction of President Dwight D. Eisenhower, Truman's successor, an armistice was signed at Panmunjom on July 27, 1953.
noun ~ an agreement to stop fighting for a fixed period of time
Coordinated ~ Like the members of NATO, the Warsaw Pact nations coordinated their militaries, integrated communications systems, shared equipment and technologies, used each other's military facilities, and practiced coordinated attacks.
adjective ~ negotiate with others in order to work together effectively
Enclave ~ Either way, a withdrawal by the United States would eliminate the democratic enclave in the Soviet zone.
noun ~ an area or a group different from the larger area or country surrounding it
Fledgling ~ With assistance from the Soviet Union, he entered into an alliance with the fledgling Communist Party of China.
noun ~ a person or organization that is immature, inexperienced, or underdeveloped.
Guerrilla ~ Both countries were on the verge of being taken over by Soviet-backed guerrilla movements.
adjective ~ a member of an irregular army that fights a stronger force
Insubordination ~ He had led the occupation of Japan and was commander in the Korean War until he was relieved by President Truman for insubordination.
noun ~ refusal to obey orders
Logistical ~ In a testament to logistical planning and resourcefulness, General William Tuner organized around-the-clock flights.
adjective ~ relating to or involving organization and planning
Miscalculate ~ With his choice to blockade Berlin, Stalin miscalculated the strength of western unity.
verb ~ to make a mistake when calculating an amount or judging someone or something
Modernize ~ In 1911, modernized Chinese military units began uprisings against the Qing family's imperial rule.
verb ~ adopting modern ideas or methods, update
Pawn ~ He was clearly willing to use innocent civilians as pawns to quench his expansionist thirst.
noun ~ a person or thing manipulated and used by others, or a game piece in the game of chess
Peninsula ~ When the United States and the Soviet Union withdrew their forces from the peninsula in 1948 and 1949, trouble began.
noun ~ an area of land mostly surrounded by water but connected to a larger piece of land
Predominantly ~ These two nations were traditional enemies, and Turkey is a predominantly Muslim nation, but they straddle the seaways that connect the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
adverb ~ much greater in number or influence
Protege ~ After Sun's death from cancer in 1925, one of his protégés, Chiang Kai-shek, seized control of the Kuomintang, Sun's political party, and succeeded in bringing most of South and Central China under its rule in a military campaign known as the Northern Expedition.
noun ~ a person who is guided and supported by an older and more experienced or influential person
Stalemate ~ The war itself had evolved into a stalemate, with the front line corresponding more or less to the 38th Parallel where the division of the peninsula had been three years before.
noun ~ a situation in which nothing can change or no action can be taken
Straddle ~ These two nations were traditional enemies, and Turkey is a predominantly Muslim nation, but they straddle the seaways that connect the Black and Mediterranean Seas.
verb ~ unable to decide which of two opinions about something is better, and so to partly support both opinions
Topple ~ Like a line of dominos in which a first falling domino knocks down the next, which topples the next, and so on, a communist victory in Vietnam might lead to communist victories in Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia.
verb ~ to lean forward and fall
Unfettered ~ By the fall of 1945, it was clear that the Soviet-backed communists had complete control of Poland, violating the Yalta promise of free and unfettered elections there.
adjective ~ not controlled, limited, or prevented by anyone
Warmonger ~ In his speech MacArthur declared, "Efforts have been made to distort my position. It has been said in effect that I was a warmonger. Nothing could be further from the truth...
noun ~ a politician or other leader who is often encouraging a country to go to war
Atoll ~ The 40 families who had lived on the atoll were forced to move before the test.
noun ~ a ring-shaped reef, island, or chain of islands formed of coral
Caveat ~ In exchange, the COFA nations grant the American military exclusive use of their territory - with the caveat that the Americans do not use, store or test nuclear weapons in the islands.
noun ~ a warning against certain acts
Climactic ~ The resulting confrontation between President Kennedy and Premier Khrushchev is considered by many historians to be the climactic moment of the Cold War.
adjective ~ being the most important or exciting point in a story or situation
Communist ~ Were there other ways of dealing with the communist world that might not have produced such costly, dangerous outcomes?
noun ~ a person who supports or believes in the principles of communism
Deterrent ~ This nuclear triad was critical to maintaining an effective deterrent.
noun ~ something to prevent or discourage someone from doing something
Detonate ~ In 1952, the United Kingdom became the third nation to possess nuclear weapons when it detonated an atomic bomb in Operation Hurricane on October 3, 1952.
verb ~ to explode, or to cause a bomb to explode
Enshrine ~ While the Teller Amendment had promised the United States would ensure Cuban independence after the conclusion of a peace treaty with Spain, the Platt Amendment enshrined America's right to intervene in Cuban affairs.
verb ~ to keep a right or idea in a form to guarantee it will protected and respected
Euphemistic ~ Since a naval blockade is technically an act of war according to international law, Kennedy euphemistically called it a quarantine.
adjective ~ using a word or phrase in order to avoid saying a more unpleasant or offensive word
Existential ~ Since nuclear war was an existential threat, the role of government changed.
adjective ~ relating to existence
Flawless ~ Kennedy, who had naively believed his CIA advisors when they told him the plan was flawless, hesitated.
adjective ~ without any blemishes or imperfections; perfect
Glamorous ~ Compared to Eisenhower, President Kennedy was young and glamorous.
adjective ~ exciting and attractive
Hypodermic ~ The assassination attempts included exploding and poisoned cigars, a tuberculosis-infected scuba-diving suit (Castro loved cigars and scuba diving), a ballpoint pen containing a hypodermic syringe preloaded with lethal poison, bombings and other more straight forward mafia-style execution endeavors.
adjective ~ (of medical tools) used to inject drugs under a person's skin
Implementation ~ The first implementation used Teletype equipment, then a fax machine, and since 2008, a secure computer link over which messages are exchanged by email.
noun ~ the act of starting to use a plan or system
Incontrovertible ~ The incontrovertible evidence as Stevenson called it, turned the world against the Soviet Union.
adjective ~ not able to be denied or disputed.
Lethargic ~ Lodge, on the other hand, ran a lethargic campaign and made additional mistakes that hurt Nixon.
adjective ~ lacking in energy; feeling unwilling or unable to do anything
Miscalculate ~ Not only had the Americans not anticipated the size of the blast, but they also miscalculated how wind patterns would carry the resulting radiation.
verb ~ to make a mistake when calculating an amount or judging someone or something
Resiliency ~ By the end of the 1950s, both the United States and Soviet Union had enough nuclear power to obliterate the other side and because of the resiliency built into the nuclear triad, both sides developed a capability to launch a devastating attack even after sustaining a full assault.
noun ~ ability of a material to return to its original shape
Silo ~ ICBMs could be mounted on the backs of huge trucks or buried in underground silos encased in protective concrete.
noun ~ an underground chamber in which a guided missile is kept ready for firing.
Syndrome ~ Twenty-three crewmembers of the Japanese fishing vessel Daigo Fukuryu Maru, some 50 miles away, were also contaminated by fallout and experienced acute radiation syndrome.
noun ~ a combination of medical problems that commonly go together and that show the existence of a disease
Triad ~ This nuclear triad was critical to maintaining an effective deterrent.
noun ~ a group or set of three connected people or things.
Weapon ~ The first decades of the Cold War saw tremendous resources on both sides put into the development of weapons - especially nuclear weapons - and a willingness on the part of leaders to play "chicken" with those weapons.
noun ~ any instrument used in fighting or hunting
Charade ~ Eisenhower could see through McCarthy's charade, but when Eisenhower was elected president in 1952, he was reluctant to condemn McCarthy for fear of splitting the Republican Party.
noun ~ an act or event that is obviously false, although represented as true
Civilian ~ In 1947, President Truman had ordered background checks of every civilian in service to the government to make sure they were not secretly supporting communism or Nazism.
noun ~ a nonmilitary citizen
Crusader ~ Instead of showing a noble crusader, television illustrated the mean-spiritedness of McCarthy's campaign.
noun ~ someone who makes a determined effort to achieve or stop something because of their strong beliefs
Decency ~ Then, defending the young man McCarthy was accusing, Welch went on, "Let us not assassinate this lad further, senator. You have done enough. Have you no sense of decency?"
noun ~ behavior that is good, moral and acceptable in society
Disavow ~ Some Republicans in the Senate were aghast and disavowed McCarthy.
verb ~ deny any responsibility or support for
Dubious ~ On February 20, 1950, McCarthy addressed the Senate and made a list of dubious claims against suspected communists.
adjective ~ probably not true or not completely true; doubtful
Epitomize ~ The 1925 Scopes Trial had epitomized this conflict.
verb ~ to be a perfect example of a quality or type of thing
Existential ~ Others felt that communism was such an existential threat that bending the rules was necessary to protect the nation.
adjective ~ relating to existence
Fed up ~ Fed up with the embarrassing show, McCarthy's colleagues censured him for dishonoring the Senate, and the hearings came to a close.
adjective ~ annoyed or upset at a situation or treatment.
Flimsy ~ He originally cited 81 cases that day but skipped several as he went, and for most cases repeated the same flimsy information.
adjective ~ weak; inadequate; not effective or convincing
Funding ~ The law provided funding for schools to upgrade their science laboratories and to train new math and science teachers.
noun ~ money provided, especially by an organization or government, for a particular purpose
Gap ~ Although they were much exaggerated and proven false by subsequent U-2 spy plane missions over the Soviet Union, stories of a bomber gap put pressure on members of Congress to act.
noun ~ an unfilled space or interval; a break in continuity
Inconclusive ~ Hiss went to jail, but evidence of his guilt is still inconclusive.
adjective ~ not putting an end to doubt or question
Infiltration ~ It was emotionally rewarding to think that someone was making sure the country was safe from communist infiltration, and McCarthy was a master of alternately stoking fear and then providing a show of strength and resolve.
noun ~ the process of secretly becoming part of a group in order to get information or to influence the way that a group thinks or behaves
Irreversible ~ Since the 1950s, many leaders have tried to reduce the size of the nation's arsenal, or stop the purchase of new equipment they deem unnecessary, only to come up against the resistance of the Military Industrial Complex and find that it the demands of the Cold War have irreversibly changed the way our country produces the tools of war.
adjective ~ impossible to change or to return to a previous condition
Omnipresent ~ Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin capitalized on national paranoia by proclaiming that communists were omnipresent and that he was America's only salvation.
adjective ~ existing everywhere at once
Outweigh ~ Certainly, the benefit of saving freedom for humankind outweighs any price we had to pay.
verb ~ be more important or significant than
Paranoia ~ Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin capitalized on national paranoia by proclaiming that communists were omnipresent and that he was America's only salvation.
noun ~ a mental condition where you feel others are out to get you and you cannot trust anyone
Paranoid ~ Sometimes they became paranoid and ignored basic freedoms as they tumbled over themselves to find communists hidden in their midst.
adjective ~ anxious because you do not feel you can trust others
Stoke ~ It was emotionally rewarding to think that someone was making sure the country was safe from communist infiltration, and McCarthy was a master of alternately stoking fear and then providing a show of strength and resolve.
verb ~ to poke or stir up; to increase the activity, intensity, or amount of
Tantamount ~ This was a dubious charge legally since Congress does not have the right to question anyone's political beliefs, but in the hysteria of the early 1950s, even being accused of being a communist was tantamount to a social death sentence.
adjective ~ equal, the same
Tarnish ~ Thousands of people lost their jobs and had their reputations tarnished.
verb ~ no longer believe the person or thing is as good as you had thought
Unfounded ~ McCarthyism: Another term often used for the Second Red Scare which refers to the unfounded accusations common of the time.
adjective ~ (of a claim or piece of news) not based on fact; untrue
Warmonger ~ Ironically, talk of a missile gap probably made America less safe since Soviet leaders began to view Kennedy as an extremist warmonger.
noun ~ a politician or other leader who is often encouraging a country to go to war
Amenable ~ The United States no longer needed to support governments that would be amenable to American business interests.
adjective ~ open to being influenced by new ideas
Clandestine ~ Most secret police forces operated a system of clandestine camps to house these political prisoners.
adjective ~ planned or done in secret
Curfew ~ The Czechoslovakians defied curfews and one protestor, Jan Palach set himself on fire in Prague's Wenceslas Square to protest renewed restrictions on freedom of speech.
noun ~ a rule that some or all people must stay off the streets during particular hours
Disband ~ A new government formally disbanded the ÁVH, declared its intention to withdraw from the Warsaw Pact, and pledged to re-establish free elections.
verb ~ to stop existing, or to cause a group to stop existing
Disparaging ~ The Soviet Union, as the world's foremost exporter of communist ideology may well have deserved Reagan's disparaging nickname the "Evil Empire."
adjective ~ criticizing someone, in a way that shows you do not respect or value them
Dissident ~ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn was a Russian political dissident and author of "The Gulag Archipelago"
noun ~ a person who strongly disagrees and publicly criticizes a government or the official rulings of a group or organization
Egregious ~ The United States lent its support to a variety of despotic strongmen who oppressed their people, violated human rights and enriched themselves - Fulgencio Bautista of Cuba and Rafael Trujillo of the Dominican Republic stand out as particularly egregious examples.
adjective ~ (of something bad) extreme; beyond any reasonable degree
Eulogize ~ At the funeral, Cardinal Ernesto Corripio y Ahumada, speaking as the personal delegate of Pope John Paul II, eulogized Romero as a "beloved, peacemaking man of God," and stated that "his blood will give fruit to brotherhood, love and peace."
verb ~ to praise someone or something in a speech or piece of writing
Eyewitness ~ The author likened the scattered camps to an archipelago, a chain of islands, and as an eyewitness, he described the Gulag as a system where people were worked to death.
noun ~ a person who saw something happen, such as a crime or an accident
Fabled ~ Like the fabled City Upon a Hill, the United States stood firmly throughout the Cold War as a beacon of freedom and hope in the face of communism.
adjective ~ famous or legendary
Forestall ~ Making good on that promise, he sent over 5,000 marines to Lebanon to forestall an anti-Western takeover.
verb ~ to prevent something from happening by acting first
Ideology ~ It did, however, demonstrate the enormous gulf between free market and communist ideology.
noun ~ a theory or set of beliefs, esp. one on which a political system, party, or organization is based
Incarceration ~ Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature, survived eight years of Gulag incarceration and gave the term its international repute with the publication of his book "The Gulag Archipelago" in 1973.
noun ~ the state of being confined in prison; imprisonment
Microcosm ~ However, the United States and Soviet Union viewed each of these small wars as microcosms of their herculean struggle.
noun ~ A representation of something on a much smaller scale
Proxy ~ Across the Third World, the two superpowers squared off in a series of proxy wars.
noun ~ authority or power to act for another
Reinstate ~ The Carter Administration dropped Noriega from its payroll, but he was reinstated by the Reagan Administration.
verb ~ to put someone back in a job or position previously held, or to put a law or rule back into effect
Rift ~ The rift between the allies may also have emboldened Stalin in his crackdowns on dissent in Hungary.
noun ~ something that divides partners or friends
Scapegoat ~ The wars were especially hard on the poor who, like pawns on a chessboard, were used by the combatants as both shields and scapegoats.
noun ~ someone who is blamed or punished for another's faults or actions
Stampede ~ Some 30 to 50 of the mourners were killed by gunfire and in the ensuing stampede of fleeing people.
noun ~ a situation where a large group of frightened animals, esp. horses or cattle, all run in the same direction
Unsavory ~ While there was opposition at home to these unsavory alliances, experts in Washington who were adherents to the policy in containment and the Domino Theory believed they were necessary.
adjective ~ unpleasant or morally offensive
Uprising ~ In the case of the uprisings in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union had to use its army on a massive scale to put down widespread rebellion.
noun ~ an act of resistance or rebellion; a revolt
Adrift ~ After 1991, they were set adrift and the Cuban economy collapsed.
adjective ~ failing to reach a target or winning position
Bilateral ~ Indeed, by their willingness to engage in summit meetings with Nixon, the Russians and Chinese demonstrated that bilateral relations with the United States was a higher priority than their support for Vietnam.
adjective ~ involving two groups or countries
Cassette ~ The government also announced it had seized 32 million contraband books and 2.4 million video and audio cassettes.
noun ~ a flat case holding magnetic tape for playing sound or video
Confrontational ~ The end of détente and the confrontational tone set by President Reagan did not last forever.
adjective ~ behaving in an angry or unfriendly way that is likely to cause an argument
Daunting ~ The technological challenges proved to be daunting and Reagan's dream of a missile shield never became a reality during his presidency or even his lifetime.
adjective ~ difficult to deal with because of fear
Disarray ~ The economy, still based on communism, is in disarray.
noun ~ a messy or confused condition; disorganized
Dissolution ~ The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification, which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on October 3, 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of Germany.
noun ~ the closing down or dismissal of an assembly, partnership, or official body
Haphazard ~ Corrupt and haphazard privatization processes turned major state-owned firms over to politically connected oligarchs, which left control of Russia's wealth concentrated among a few enormously rich individuals.
adjective ~ lacking any obvious principle of organization
Hectic ~ The surprised and overwhelmed guards began making hectic telephone calls to their superiors to find out what to do.
adjective ~ busy, fast, and full of activity
Impractical ~ By the late 1980s, structural flaws within the Soviet system, growing economic problems, the rise of anti-communist sentiment and the effects of the Soviet-Afghan War made it increasingly impractical for the Soviet Union to impose its will on its neighbors.
adjective ~ not effective or reasonable
Liberalization ~ To restructure the Soviet economy before catastrophe, Gorbachev announced an agenda of rapid reform based on what he called perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost ( liberalization, openness).
noun ~ the removal or loosening of restrictions on something, typically an economic or political system
Manipulate ~ Under a policy that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, Reagan and his administration provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist resistance movements in an effort to manipulate governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America away from communism and toward capitalism.
verb ~ to influence or control someone to your advantage, often without that person knowing it
Oligarch ~ Corrupt and haphazard privatization processes turned major state-owned firms over to politically connected oligarchs, which left control of Russia's wealth concentrated among a few enormously rich individuals.
noun ~ member of a small group that runs a country, business, etc.
Overt ~ Under a policy that came to be known as the Reagan Doctrine, Reagan and his administration provided overt and covert aid to anti-communist resistance movements in an effort to manipulate governments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America away from communism and toward capitalism.
adjective ~ done or shown openly; not secret or or hidden
Podium ~ A bullet proof glass wall was erected behind the podium so that the Brandenburg Gate would be clearly visible behind him.
noun ~ a small platform where a person stands to be seen by an audience
Predictability ~ Many Russians began longing for the order and predictability of the old days.
noun ~ the state of knowing what something is like or when something will happen
Privatization ~ Corrupt and haphazard privatization processes turned major state-owned firms over to politically connected oligarchs, which left control of Russia's wealth concentrated among a few enormously rich individuals.
noun ~ the transfer of a government business, industry or service to private ownership
Rapprochement ~ American President Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to communist China was an important strategic and diplomatic overture that marked the culmination of the Nixon administration's rapprochement between the United States and China.
noun ~ agreement reached by opposing groups or people
Replica ~ Since its destruction, numerous replicas and memorials of the Goddess of Democracy have been erected around the world, including in Hong Kong and Washington, D.C.
noun ~ an exact copy or model of something, especially one on a smaller scale
Reunification ~ The fall of the Wall marked the first critical step towards German reunification, which formally concluded a mere 339 days later on October 3, 1990 with the dissolution of East Germany and the official reunification of Germany.
noun ~ Coming back together again after being separated
Stringent ~ The policy is much more stringent with Chinese-language sites than foreign-language ones.
adjective ~ extremely limiting or difficult; severe
Veer ~ As the protests developed in April, communist government leaders veered back and forth between conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership.
verb ~ to suddenly change direction
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