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17 - Academic Vocabulary

Terms in this set (133)

Affiliation ~ As the birth rate soared, families grew, and more people moved to the suburbs, the United States witnessed a boom in affiliation with organized religion, especially involving various Protestant churches.
noun ~ the act of becoming formally connected or joined
Affluence ~ Perhaps ironically, the majority of the Beatniks and critics of affluence and conformity where the same White middle class Americans who were enjoying the nation's newfound prosperity the most.
noun ~ the state of having a lot of money or owning many things; wealth
Beret ~ They wore berets and dark glasses.
noun ~ a round, flat hat made of soft material
Conformity ~ His poem Howl, published in 1956, railed against the conformity of mainstream culture and celebrated the life of the Beatniks who sought to live life as they pleased.
noun ~ behavior that follows the usual standards expected by a group or society
Debilitating ~ Polio is a debilitating disease that induces paralysis, usually in the legs.
adjective ~ (of a disease or condition) making someone very weak and infirm
Delinquency ~ 1955 saw the release of Blackboard Jungle, a film about juvenile delinquency in an urban high school.
noun ~ minor crime, especially that committed by young people
Eschew ~ They eschewed the suits and ties, the happy housewives, rock and roll, and phony purity of suburban life.
verb ~ to avoid something intentionally, or to give up something
Exacerbate ~ In addition, labor strikes rocked the nation; in some cases exacerbated by racial tensions due to African-Americans having taken jobs during the war and now being faced with irate returning veterans who demanded that they step aside.
verb ~ to make something that is already bad worse
Gyrate ~ With a deep Southern sound, pouty lips, and gyrating hips, Elvis took an old style and made it his own.
verb ~ move in a circle or spiral, especially quickly
Hallmark ~ The new prosperity that was the hallmark of the 1950s did not extend to everyone.
noun ~ a typical characteristic or feature of a person or thing
Idyllic ~ Through shows such as Leave It to Beaver and Father Knows Best, television created an idyllic view of what the perfect family should look like, though few actual families ever lived up to the ideal.
adjective ~ extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque
Ironically ~ Ironically, the film made it clear that the failure of those very families was to blame for the main characters' troubles.
adverb ~ in a way that is different or opposite from the result you would expect
Lewd ~ Frank Sinatra, a great American singer who had risen to fame during the big band era of the 1940s said that rock and roll was "the most brutal, ugly, degenerate, vicious form of expression — lewd, sly, in plain fact, dirty — a rancid-smelling aphrodisiac and the martial music of every side-burned delinquent on the face of the earth."
adjective ~ crude and offensive
Mainstream ~ While mainstream America seemed to ignore African American culture, the beats celebrated it by frequenting jazz clubs and romanticizing their poverty.
adjective ~ (of beliefs or behavior) common and shared by most people
Phony ~ They eschewed the suits and ties, the happy housewives, rock and roll, and phony purity of suburban life.
adjective ~ not genuine; fraudulent, fake
Pinpoint ~ In 1952, Ralph Ellison penned Invisible Man, which pinpointed American indifference to the plight of African Americans.
verb ~ to discover or establish or point out something exactly
Posthumous ~ The film earned three Academy Award nominations and propelled James Dean to posthumous but eternal stardom.
adjective ~ "happening after a person's death
"
...
Quintet ~ They helped popularize bebop jazz, a new art form that was intimate, based on small quartets and quintets.
noun ~ a group of five people who sing or play musical instruments together
Ransack ~ Marlon Brando played the leather-clad leader of a motorcycle gang that ransacked a small town in The Wild One.
verb ~ to completely search a place in a way that causes mess and damage
Relocation ~ Incentives such as relocation assistance and job placement were offered to Native Americans who were willing to venture off the reservations and into the cities.
noun ~ the act of changing your residence or place of business
Spatter ~ Jackson Pollock gained fame through action painting, the act pouring, dripping, and spattering the paint onto the canvas.
verb ~ to scatter small drops or bits of liquid on a surface
Synthesize ~ Another advancement was the development of a simplified and less costly process for synthesizing cortisol, a key ingredient in many medications.
verb ~ combine and form a complex whole
Veteran ~ Bill, was a law that provided a range of benefits for returning World War II veterans.
noun ~ a person who has served in the Armed Forces
Viable ~ The use of immunosuppressant drugs for the first time in the 1950s made organ transplants a viable option for the first time.
adjective ~ able to live or succeed
Vocational ~ Benefits included low-cost mortgages, low-interest loans to start a business, cash payments of tuition and living expenses to attend university, high school, or vocational education, and one year of unemployment compensation.
adjective ~ providing skills and education that prepare you for a job
Ballroom ~ But to the dismay of these idealistic parents, their Baby Boomer children grew up and rejected this purified world of backyard barbeques and chaperoned ballroom dances.
noun ~ a large room used for dancing or other activities
Bohemian ~ Some grew up, got married, returned to mainstream life, got jobs, had children and left their bohemian past behind.
noun ~ a person who lives a very informal style, different from most people
Catalyst ~ Instead, they embraced hallucinogenic drugs they saw as catalysts for spiritually awakening experiences.
noun ~ a condition, event, or person that is the cause of an important change
Chaperone ~ But to the dismay of these idealistic parents, their Baby Boomer children grew up and rejected this purified world of backyard barbeques and chaperoned ballroom dances.
noun ~ one who accompanies and supervises young people
Charismatic ~ A charismatic leader would leave or the funds would become exhausted, and the commune would gradually dissolve.
adjective ~ charming in a way that makes others want to be around you
Deviant ~ As with other adolescent, white middle-class movements, deviant behavior of the hippies involved challenging the accepted fashion of their time.
adjective ~ behavior differing from what is acceptable in a society
Forebear ~ Most communes, however, faced fates similar to their 19th Century forebears.
noun ~ an ancestor; a relative who lived in the past
Granola ~ Hippies fueled the opening of health food stores that sold wheat germ, yogurt, and granola, products unheard of in 1950s America.
noun ~ a food made of grains, nuts, and dried fruit, often eaten for breakfast
Hallucination ~ With LSD and acid came and overdoses, drug addictions, and bad trips when drug-induced hallucinations turned into nightmares.
noun ~ a false notion, belief, or impression; an illusion
Impromptu ~ Music, especially rock and folk music, provided the opportunity to form seemingly impromptu communities to celebrate youth, rebellion, and individuality.
adjective ~ done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed
Incarnation ~ Changes in fashion proved more fleeting but have returned in various incarnations over time.
noun ~ the human form of a spirit, or the human representation of a principle or idea
Indelible ~ Nevertheless, this lifestyle made an indelible cultural impact on America for decades to come.
adjective ~ not able to be removed or erased
Influx ~ The Haight-Ashbury could not accommodate this rapid influx of people, and the neighborhood scene quickly deteriorated.
noun ~ the arrival of a large number of people or things
Makeshift ~ The makeshift facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending.
adjective ~ temporary and of low quality
Moccasin ~ Both genders wore sandals, moccasins or went barefoot.
noun ~ soft leather shoe; originally worn by Native Americans
Motif ~ Clothing inspired by Native American, Asian, African and Latin American motifs were popular.
noun ~ a decorative design or pattern
Nexus ~ It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history, as well as the definitive nexus for the larger counterculture generation.
noun ~ an important connection between the parts of a system or a group of things
Pivotal ~ It is widely regarded as a pivotal moment in popular music history, as well as the definitive nexus for the larger counterculture generation.
adjective ~ important because other things depend on it
Rendition ~ Hendrix performed a two-hour set which included a psychedelic rendition of the The Star-Spangled Banner that was captured forever on film.
noun ~ a particular way in which music is performed or a drawing or painting is produced or appears
Sanitation ~ The makeshift facilities were not equipped to provide sanitation or first aid for the number of people attending.
noun ~ the state of being clean and conducive to health
Touchstone ~ In mid-August 1969, one such concert near the town of Woodstock, New York became the cultural touchstone of a generation.
noun ~ a standard of something used to compare others
Upstanding ~ When the Greatest Generation came home from World War II and started their happy families in the happy suburbs of the 1950s, they tried to build a safe, morally upstanding life for their children.
adjective ~ behaving in a moral way
Upsurge ~ With free love came an upsurge of venereal diseases.
noun ~ sudden or large increase
Utopia ~ Remembered as the Summer of Love, 1967 attracted a wide range of people: teenagers and college students drawn by their peers and the allure of joining a cultural utopia, middle-class vacationers, and even partying military personnel from bases within driving distance.
noun ~ a perfect society in which everyone is happy
Alleviate ~ Dreams of racial harmony suffered, as many African Americans, angered by the failure of Johnson's programs to alleviate severe poverty in the inner cities, rioted in frustration.
verb ~ to provide relief from pain or a difficult situation
Allocate ~ This law provided increased federal funding to both elementary and secondary schools, allocating more than $1 billion for the purchase of books and library materials, and the creation of educational programs for disadvantaged children.
verb ~ distribute (resources or duties) for a particular purpose
Badger ~ A contemporary writes of the famous Johnson Treatment, "It was an incredible blend of badgering, cajolery, reminders of past favors, promises of future favors, predictions of gloom if something doesn't happen. When that man started to work on you, all of a sudden, you just felt that you were standing under a waterfall and the stuff was pouring on you."
verb ~ repeatedly ask (someone) to do something; pester
Cajole ~ A contemporary writes of the famous Johnson Treatment, "It was an incredible blend of badgering, cajolery, reminders of past favors, promises of future favors, predictions of gloom if something doesn't happen. When that man started to work on you, all of a sudden, you just felt that you were standing under a waterfall and the stuff was pouring on you."
verb ~ to persuade someone by saying things that please the person or make the person feel important
Centerpiece ~ The centerpiece of Johnson's plan to create a Great Society was the eradication of poverty in the United States.
noun ~ the most important part of something
Diagnose ~ He compared siblings and found that those who attended Head Start showed stronger academic performance as shown on test scores for years afterward, were less likely to be diagnosed as learning-disabled, less likely to commit crime, more likely to graduate from high school and attend college, and less likely to suffer from poor health as an adult.
verb ~ to recognize and name a disease or problem by examination
Disproportionate ~ Their anger was heightened by the fact that a disproportionate number of African Americans were fighting and dying in Vietnam.
noun ~ out of proper balance; very unequal
Distraught ~ Arrested immediately after the shooting, Ruby said he had been distraught over the Kennedy assassination and sought to avenge the president's death.
adjective ~ extremely anxious and upset
Elderly ~ During the New Deal, President Franklin Roosevelt had enacted Social Security, an important program that provides financial support for America's elderly.
noun ~ old people considered as a group
Eradication ~ The centerpiece of Johnson's plan to create a Great Society was the eradication of poverty in the United States.
verb ~ destroy completely; put an end to
Escalate ~ As the war escalated, money spent to fund it also increased, leaving less to pay for the many social programs Johnson had created to lift Americans out of poverty.
verb ~ to increase rapidly or becoming more intense or serious
Intuitive ~ Aid to the poor, many maintained, would not only fail to solve the problem of poverty but would also encourage people to become dependent on the government and lose their desire and ability to care for themselves, an argument that many found intuitively compelling but which lacked conclusive evidence.
adjective ~ based on feelings rather than facts or proof
Limousine ~ At 12:30 p.m., as Kennedy's uncovered limousine entered Dealey Plaza, a reported three shots were fired at Kennedy.
noun ~ a large, luxurious automobil
Motorcade ~ President Kennedy's motorcade route through Dallas on November 22 was planned to give him maximal exposure to Dallas crowds before his arrival at a luncheon with civic and business leaders in the city.
noun ~ a group of cars or other vehicles traveling together, usually one behind the other
Priority ~ However, Johnson decided to implement some of his own priorities and a few months after taking office, announced his most famous initiative.
noun ~ something that is considered more important than other matters
Program ~ But perhaps that was not the fault of his programs and ideas, but rather other circumstances at the time.
noun ~ a group of activities or things to be achieved
Redefine ~ As part of the Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as Obama Care, passed in 2010, the Medicaid program was greatly expanded by redefining who qualified to receive its benefits.
verb ~ to give something a new meaning
Safeguard ~ The Land Sales Disclosure Act of 1968 provided safeguards against fraudulent practices in the sale of land.
noun ~ a measure taken to protect someone or something or to prevent something undesirable
Sniper ~ Lee Harvey Oswald, an employee at the depository and a trained sniper and charged with the murders of President Kennedy and Dallas police officer J.D.
noun ~ someone who shoots from a hidden place with great accuracy and from afar
Systemic ~ The planners of education reform that was part of the War on Poverty understood that systemic poverty was generational.
adjective ~ affecting an entire structure, network, or complex of parts
Avid ~ It was at this time that President Theodore Roosevelt, an avid hunter and outdoorsman himself, put the issue high on the national agenda.
adjective ~ extremely eager or interested
Blighted ~ In describing his vision for environmental protection to Congress, Johnson said, "The air we breathe, our water, our soil and wildlife, are being blighted by poisons and chemicals which are the by-products of technology and industry. The society that receives the rewards of technology, must, as a cooperating whole, take responsibility for...
verb ~ something that divides partners or friends
Bogus ~ The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $900 million, a treasure capable of paying for enough bogus science to perpetuate climate skepticism for many years to come.
adjective ~ something that is not what it appears or claims to be; false but made to look real
Consensus ~ Around the word there is a general consensus that global warming is real, caused by human activity, and likely to increase in the coming century and have significant impacts on our way of life.
noun ~ an agreement in the judgment reached by a group as a whole
Debunk ~ Republican Senator Jim Inhofe, who had previously called climate change "the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people," claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball to the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor claiming that climate change could not be real if it was still snowing.
verb ~ to expose something as false
Disseminate ~ In 2007, as a result of these efforts to " disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change," Gore shared the Nobel Peace Prize with the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
verb ~ to spread or give out news, information, and ideas to many people
Downsize ~ Shortly afterwards, Interior Secretary Zinke advocated for downsizing four additional national monuments.
verb ~ reduce in magnitude or number
Emission ~ In keeping with the Johnson tradition, numerous bills were passed by Congress during his tenure including the Clean Air Act which set standards for factory and power plant emissions.
noun ~ the act of sending out gas, heat, light, etc
Havoc ~ DDT wrought havoc on the nation's bird population.
noun ~ widespread destruction
Hoax ~ Republican Senator Jim Inhofe, who had previously called climate change "the greatest hoax ever perpetrated against the American people," claimed to have debunked the alleged hoax in February 2015 when he brought a snowball to the Senate chamber and tossed it across the floor claiming that climate change could not be real if it was still snowing.
noun ~ something intended to deceive, a joke
Ingest ~ The pesticide, when ingested by birds, proved poisonous as it resulted in thin eggshells that could not adequately support the birds before they hatched.
verb ~ take food, drink, or some other substance into the body
Lenient ~ In December 2017, a New York Times analysis of EPA enforcement data found that the Trump Administration had adopted a far more lenient approach to enforcing federal pollution laws than the Obama and Bush administrations.
adjective ~ tolerant; not severe, harsh
Milestone ~ The 1967 formation of the Environmental Defense Fund was the first major milestone in the campaign against DDT.
noun ~ an important event in the development or history of something or in someone's life
Ooze ~ On June 22, 1969, a river fire captured the attention of Time magazine, which described the Cuyahoga as the river that " oozes rather than flows" and in which a person "does not drown but decays".
verb ~ pass gradually or leak or as if through small openings
Outweigh ~ Some economists see the economic impacts of meeting of the emissions targets as outweighing the environmental benefits.
verb ~ be more important or significant than
Pensive ~ Thousands felt their heartstrings tugged as they viewed television advertisements depicting mountains of trash culminating with a pensive Native American shedding a single, mournful tear.
adjective ~ thinking deep and serious thoughts
Perpetuate ~ The total annual income of these climate change counter-movement-organizations is roughly $900 million, a treasure capable of paying for enough bogus science to perpetuate climate skepticism for many years to come.
verb ~ to cause something to continue
Pesticide ~ Carson wrote of the horrors of DDT, a popular pesticide used on many American farms.
noun ~ a chemical used to kill destructive insects or animals
Retrofit ~ The Trump Administration brought fewer cases against polluters, sought a lower total of civil penalties and made fewer requests of companies to retrofit facilities to curb pollution.
verb ~ provide with parts not in use in the original manufacture
Salvage ~ ...as a cooperating whole, take responsibility for [their] control... We must not only protect the countryside and save it from destruction, we must restore what has been destroyed and salvage the beauty and charm of our cities. Our conservation must be not just the classic conservation of protection [against] development, but a creative conservation of restoration and innovation."...
verb ~ to save something valuable from damage, destruction, or loss
Toxic ~ As part of their pro-business position, Trump's administration invalidated the Stream Protection Rule, a regulation intended to prevent coal mining debris from being dumped into nearby streams, and rolled back regulations which limited dumping by power plants of toxic wastewater containing metals like arsenic and mercury into public waterways.
adjective ~ poisonous
Alimony ~ Schlafly pointed out that protective laws like sexual assault and alimony would be swept away.
noun ~ support paid by one spouse to another after separation or divorce
Categorize ~ It was at this time that the word sexism entered the American vocabulary, as women became categorized as a target group for discrimination.
verb ~ to put someone or something into a group of the same people or things
Coeducational ~ In 1976, the United States Air Force Academy, United States Coast Guard Academy, United States Military Academy at West Point and the United States Naval Academy became coeducational and women were able to join the same pathway as their male peers toward becoming officers.
adjective ~ having male and female students taught together in the same school or college
Collegiate ~ While Title IX is best known for its impact on high school and collegiate athletics, the original statute made no explicit mention of sports.
adjective ~ of or belonging to a college or its students
Cusp ~ Perhaps the first time that a woman openly advocated for the chance to go into combat, was in 1898 at the cusp of the Spanish-American War.
noun ~ brink or edge of something
De facto ~ They wanted to preserve their newly won rights and NOW served as the de facto leader of the new feminist movement.
adjective, adverb ~ existing in fact, although not necessarily intended or legal
Detractor ~ The pill was not without its detractors.
noun ~ a person who criticizes something or someone, often unfairly
Enlist ~ The first female American soldier was Deborah Sampson of Massachusetts who enlisted as a Continental Army under the name of Robert Shurtliff.
verb ~ join the military
Frayed ~ Before the advent of no-fault divorce, social pressure and the authority of religious leaders convinced many couples to stay together, even when relationships had frayed.
adjective ~ worn away or tattered along the edges
Harassment ~ One of the important other areas the law has affected, is the way schools have dealt with sexual harassment against female students.
noun ~ behavior that annoys or troubles someone
Heckle ~ She heckled feminists by opening her speaking engagements with quips such as, "I'd like to thank my husband for letting me be here tonight."
verb ~ to interrupt a public speaker or entertainer with loud, unfriendly statements or questions
Invalidate ~ In 1973, the Supreme Court invalidated the Texas law by a 7-2 vote.
verb ~ make no longer acceptable for use
Pivotal ~ The 1991 Persian Gulf War proved to be the pivotal time for the role of women in the armed forces.
adjective ~ important because other things depend on it
Procedure ~ No topic related to the feminist movement has aroused such passion and controversy as much as the right to an abortion, a medical procedure that ends a pregnancy.
noun ~ an order or method of doing something
Quip ~ She heckled feminists by opening her speaking engagements with quips such as, "I'd like to thank my husband for letting me be here tonight."
noun ~ a quick, intelligent, and often amusing remark
Ratification ~ It was not until 1920, with the ratification of the 19th Amendment that women finally won the right to vote.
noun ~ the process of making an agreement official
Sharpshooter ~ Annie Oakley, the hero of Buffalo Bill's Wild West Show wrote a letter to President McKinley in which she offered "the government the services of a company of 50 'lady sharpshooters' who would provide their own arms and ammunition should war break out with Spain."
noun ~ a person who is skilled at firing a gun and accurately hitting what they are aiming at
Stereotypical ~ Protesting stereotypical notions of femininity and rejecting traditional gender expectations, the group demonstrated at the Miss America Pageant in Atlantic City, New Jersey, to bring attention to society's exploitation of women, which they believed was on display at the pageant.
adjective ~ a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Trimester ~ ...no state could restrict abortions during the first three months, or trimester, of a pregnancy.
noun ~ a period of three months
Agenda ~ They sought to control school boards on the local level to advance their conservative agenda.
noun ~ a list of matters to be discussed at a meeting
Alignment ~ The so-called Reagan Democrats crumbled the old alignment.
noun ~ a position of agreement or alliance
Bipartisan ~ In 1985, anxiety over the messages in popular music led to the founding of the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), a bipartisan group formed by the wives of prominent Washington politicians including Susan Baker, the wife of Reagan's treasury secretary and Tipper Gore, the wife of then-senator Al Gore, who later became vice president under Bill Clinton.
adjective ~ involving or having the support of both sides
Coalition ~ Ronald Reagan was able to put together a new coalition of voters, many of whom had never supported a republican for president.
noun ~ the union of diverse things into one body or form or group
Embolden ~ The social and religious conservatives who supported Reagan felt emboldened during the 1980s and pressed their agenda.
verb ~ to make someone brave or willing to take more risks
Empathy ~ Often called The Great Communicator, he was noted for his ability, honed through years as an actor and spokesperson, to convey a mixture of folksy wisdom, empathy, and concern while taking humorous digs at his opponents.
noun ~ understanding and entering into another's feelings
Encapsulate ~ Buchanan's speech encapsulates the conservative view that preserving traditional values was synonymous was preserving America's greatness.
verb ~ to express or show the most important facts about something
Entitlement ~ He allocated a smaller share of the federal budget to antipoverty programs like Aid to Families with Dependent Children (welfare), food stamps, rent subsidies, job training programs, and Medicaid, but Social Security and Medicare entitlements, which benefited his supporters, were left largely untouched.
noun ~ something, often a benefit from the government, you have the right to
Entrenched ~ Proponents of the environmental movement were incensed and the position of the two parties in terms of environmental protection was further entrenched.
adjective ~ firmly established and difficult or unlikely to change
Fed up ~ Americans were getting fed up with high taxes.
adjective ~ annoyed or upset at a situation or treatment.
Folksy ~ Often called The Great Communicator, he was noted for his ability, honed through years as an actor and spokesperson, to convey a mixture of folksy wisdom, empathy, and concern while taking humorous digs at his opponents.
adjective ~ very friendly and informal in style
Hone ~ Often called The Great Communicator, he was noted for his ability, honed through years as an actor and spokesperson, to convey a mixture of folksy wisdom, empathy, and concern while taking humorous digs at his opponents.
verb ~ to make more effective, to improve or perfect
Incensed ~ Proponents of the environmental movement were incensed and the position of the two parties in terms of environmental protection was further entrenched.
adjective ~ angered at something unjust or wrong
Inroad ~ When foreign competition made inroads against American corporations in the 1970s, some people began to believe Goldwater had been right.
noun ~ a sudden hostile incursion; raid
Nostalgic ~ By ignoring problems like Jim Crow racism, they were able to make people more nostalgic for the good old days of the 1920s and 1950s when government was small, life was pure and simple, and business was booming.
adjective ~ the very rapid or fast development of something
Pendulum ~ Perhaps it was simply a matter of America correcting itself by moving to the right like a pendulum on a clock swinging back toward the center after decades of liberal leadership.
noun ~ a weight hung from a rod swinging freely backward and forward in a clock
Proponent ~ In other words, proponents of trickledown economics promised to cut taxes and balance the budget at the same time.
noun ~ a person who supports an idea, plan, or cause
Raucous ~ Like the traveling preachers of the Second Great Awakening in the early 1800s, the Praise the Lord Club led by Jim Bakker transmitted faith healing and raucous religious revival to the largest viewing audience of any daily program in the world.
adjective ~ loud, excited, and not controlled, esp. in an unpleasant way
Rhetorical ~ Americans found this rhetorical style extremely compelling.
adjective ~ speech or writing intended to seem important or influence people
Sag ~ Reagan's primary goal upon taking office was to stimulate the sagging economy while simultaneously cutting both government programs and taxes.
noun ~ a decline, especially a temporary one
Sanitize ~ A criticism of their work is that they sanitized the negative aspects of the past.
verb ~ to make something completely clean
Turnout ~ Voter turnout reflected this new conservative swing, which not only swept Reagan into the White House but created a Republican majority in the Senate.
noun ~ attendance for a particular event or purpose
Voodoo ~ Even his eventual vice president, George H. W. Bush, had referred to it as voodoo economics when competing with him for the Republican presidential nomination.
noun ~ a religion involving magic that began in Africa and developed in Haiti
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