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APUSH period 2 outline

Terms in this set (76)

Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

1. Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.

A. Spain sought to establish tight control over the process of colonization in the Western Hemisphere and to convert and/or exploit the native population.
Examples: Christopher Columbus, Cortez, Pizarro
Christopher Columbus
An Italian navigator who was funded by the Spanish Government to find a passage to the Far East. He is given credit for discovering the "New World," even though at his death he believed he had made it to India. He made four voyages to the "New World." The first sighting of land was on October 12, 1492, and three other journies until the time of his death in 1503.
Cortez
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541).
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

1. Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.

B. French and Dutch colonial efforts involved relatively few Europeans and used trade alliances and intermarriage with American Indians to acquire furs and other products for export to Europe.
Examples: Samuel de Champlain, Coureurs de bois, New Netherland
Samuel de Champlain
French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635)
coureurs de bois
(runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.
New Netherlands
A colony founded by the Dutch in the New World. It became New York.
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

1. Seventeenth-century Spanish, French, Dutch, and British colonizers embraced different social and economic goals, cultural assumptions, and folkways, resulting in varied models of colonization.

C. Unlike their European competitors, the English eventually sought to establish colonies based on agriculture, sending relatively large numbers of men and women to acquire land and populate their settlements, while having relatively hostile relationships with American Indians.
Examples: Jamestown, starving time, head-right system, Powhatan Wars
Jamestown
The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia
Starving time
The winter of 1609 to 1610 was known as the "starving time" to the colonists of Virginia. Only sixty members of the original four-hundred colonists survived. The rest died of starvation because they did not possess the skills that were necessary to obtain food in the new world.
Head right system
the system by which whoever paid for the passage of a laborer acquired 50 acres of land
Powhatan Wars
Were fought over land between the Indians and the English. 1st war: bloody, ended with the marriage of Pocahontas and John Rolfe. 2nd war: even bloodier, peace treaty signed and the Indians were banished from Virginia.
I. The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.

A. Unlike Spanish, French, and Dutch colonies, which accepted intermarriage and cross-racial sexual unions with native peoples (and, in Spain's case, with enslaved Africans), English colonies attracted both males and females who rarely intermarried with either native or Africans, leading to the development of a rigid racial hierarchy.
examples: puritans, expanded life expectancy in new england, social hierarchy
puritans
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Expanded life expectancy in New England
...
social hierarchy (english colonies)
..
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.

B. The abundance of land, a shortage of indentured seonta he iack of an effective means to enslave native peoples, and the growing European demand for colonial goods led to the emergence of the Atlantic slave trade.
Examples: Bacon's Rebellion, Middle Passage
Bacon's Rebellion
1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.
middle passage
A voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.

C. Reinforced by a strong belief in British racial and cultural superiority, the British system enslaved black people in perpetuity, altered African gender and kinship relationships in the colonies, and was one factor that led the British colonists into violent confrontations with native peoples.
Examples: NYC slave revolt (1711), Stono Rebellion
NYC Slave Revolt
Slaves kill 12 whites, and leads to the execution of 21 blacks
Stono Rebellion
Slave rebellion in which the slave's rebelled against masters and tried to escape S. Carolina, led to the tightening of already harsh slave laws
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

The British-American system of slavery developed out of the economic, demographic, and geographic characteristics of the British-controlled regions of the New World.

D. Africans developed both overt and covert means to resist the dehumanizing aspects of slavery.
Examples: Gullah, ring-shout, spirituals
Gullah
African American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
ring-shout
Religious dance of African American slaves, performed with hand clapping and a shuffle step to spirituals.
spirituals
Religious folk songs that blended biblical themes with the realities of slavery
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.

A. The New England colonies, founded primarily by Puritans seeking to establish a community of like minded religious believers, developed a close knit, homogenous society and - aided by favorable environment mental conditions - a thriving mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
Examples: Blue laws, subsistence farming
blue laws
laws designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict code of morality
subsistence farming
farming in which only enough food to feed one's family is produced
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.

B. The demographically, religiously, and ethically diverse middle colonies supported the flourishing export economy based on cereal crops, whild the Chesapeake colonies and North Carolina relied on the cultivation of tobacco, a labor-intensive product based on white indentured servants and African chattel.
Examples: Ethnic diversity, bread-basket colonies
ethnic diversity (key concept 2.1)
...
bread-basket colonies
middle colonies were called this because families grew mainly grain crops
Key Concept 2.1: Differences in imperial goals, cultures, and the North American environments that different empires confronted led Europeans to develop diverse patterns of colonization.

Along with other factors, environmental and geographical variations, including climate and natural resources, contributed to regional differences in what would become the British colonies.

C. The colonies along the southernmost Atlantic coast and the British islands in the West Indies took advantage of long growing seasons by using slave labor to develop economies based on staple crops; in some cases, enslaved Africans constituted the majority of the population.
Examples: Carolinas (rice), Barbados (sugar)
Carolinas (rice)
Primary export and had a high value
barbados (sugar)
By late 1660s, sugar production made Barbados the wealthiest of the English colonies, resulting in a population boom (60,000; 60% African slaves). By 1670, Charles Town was estbl. North America in present day South Carolina, and influences of British colonists are present to this day in Barbados.
Key concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America simulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflicts within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.

A. Conflicts in Europe spread to North America, as French, Dutch, British, and Spanish colonies allied, traded with and armed American Indian groups, leading to continuing political instability.
Examples: Beaver wars of the mid-17 century, Chickasaw wars from 1721 to 1763
Beaver wars
series of bloody conflicts, occurring between 1640s and 1680s, during which the Iroquois fought the French for control of the fur trade in the east and the Great Lakes region
Chickasaw wars
War in the 1700s between the Chickasaw, allied with the British, against the French, who were allied with the Choctaw and Illini. The war was fought over land, primarily for control of the Mississippi River.
Key concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America simulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflicts within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.

B. As European nations competed in North America, their colonies focused on getting new sources of labor and I'm producing acquiring commodities that were valued in Europe.
Examples: Fur trade, tobacco farming
fur trade
European powers sought to capitalize on popularity of fur in Europe; involved trade with Indians
tobacco farming
This made Virginia, The Carolinas, Maryland, and Georgia wealthy, but also introduced slavery into England's colonies.
Key concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America simulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Competition over resources between European rivals led to conflicts within and between North American colonial possessions and American Indians.

C. The goals and interests of European leaders at times diverge from those of colonial citizens, leading to growing mistrust on both sides of the Atlantic, as settlers, especially in the English colonies, express dissatisfaction over territorial settlements, frontier defense, and other issues.
Examples: Navigation Acts of the 1660s, Wool Act of 1699, Molasses Act of 1733
Navigation Acts of the 1660
acts passed by the British Parliament increasing the dependence of the colonies on the English for trade; these acts caused great resentment in the American colonies but were not strictly enforced.
Wool Act of 1699
English law that made it illegal to ship wool from the American colonies. The law was designed to assist the British wool industry. Example of mercantilism
Molasses Act of 1733
A British law that established a tax on imports of molasses, sugar, and rum from non-British colonies. The law was loosely enforced and New England imported great quantities of West Indian sugar for manufacturing rum. Example of mercantilism
Key concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic values caused changes in both cultures.

A. Continuing contact with Europeans increase the flow of trade, goods, and diseases into and out of native communities, stimulating cultural and demographic changes.
Examples: Pequot War, King Philip's War
Pequot war
The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves (for land and trade purposes) but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.
King Phillip's War (1675-1676)
Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.
Key concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic values caused changes in both cultures.

B. Spanish colonizing efforts in North America, particularly after the pueblo (pope's) revolt, saw an accommodation with some aspects of American Indian culture; by contrast, conflict with American Indians tended to reinforce English colonists world views on land and gender roles.
Examples: Praying towns, Protestant ethic
Praying Towns
developed by the Puritans of New England from 1646 to 1675 in an effort to convert the local Native American tribes to Christianity
protestant ethic
Weber's term to describe the ideal of a self-denying, highly moral life accompanied by thrift and hard work
Key concept 2.2: European colonization efforts in North America stimulated intercultural contact and intensified conflict between the various groups of colonizers and native peoples.

Clashes between European and American Indian social and economic values caused changes in both cultures.

C. By supplying American Indian allies with deadlier weapons and alcohol, and by rewarding Indian military actions, Europeans helped increase the intensity and destructiveness of American Indian warfare.
Examples: Beaver Wars, Chickasaw Wars
Beaver Wars
Wars that resulted from furious trading and hunting of Beaver pelts by the Dutch, the French, and the New Netherlands. The Overhunting of Beavers sent prices so high in 1742 that the Dutch armed the Iroquois and what resulted was bloody battles against Pro-French tribes.
chickasaw war
example of French relations with the Native Americans; War fought in response to the tribe allying with the British and harboring Natchez tribesmen
Key concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic world had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

"Atlantic world" commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and reshaped the labor systems.

A. The growth of an Atlantic economy throughout the 18th century created a shared labor market in a while exchange of New World in European goods, I've seen in the African slave trade in the shipment of products from the Americas.
Examples: Triangular trade route, direct trade route
Triangular Trade Route
Three-sided trade route among England, Africa, and the North American colonies; included the slave trade.
direct trade route
Northwest Passage
Key concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic world had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

"Atlantic world" commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and reshaped the labor systems.

B. several factors promoted Anglicization in the British colonies: the growth of autonomous political communities based on English models, the development of commercial ties and legal structures, the emergence of a transatlantic perfect culture, protestant evangelism, religious tolerance, and the spread of European Enlightenment ideas.
Examples: Mayflower Compact of 1620, Maryland Toleration Act of 1649
Mayflower Compact (1620)
The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.
Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)
Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at the demand of the colony's large Protestant population. The act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians.
Key concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic world had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

"Atlantic world" commercial, religious, philosophical, and political interactions among Europeans, Africans, and American native peoples stimulated economic growth, expanded social networks, and reshaped the labor systems.

C. The presence of slavery and the impact of colonial war stimulated the growth of ideas on race in this Atlantic system, leading to the emergence of racial stereotyping in the development of strict racial categories among British colonist, which contrasted with Spanish and French acceptance of racial degradations.
Examples: Casta system, mulatto
casta system
A system in colonial Spain of determining a person's social importance according to different racial categories.
mulatto
The term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonies to describe someone of mixed African and European descent.
Key concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic world had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown a custom to a large measure of autonomy.

A. As regional distinctiveness among the British colonies diminished overtime, they developed largely similar patterns of culture, laws, institutions, and governance within the context of the British imperial system.
Examples: Mercantilism, Board of Trade, parent country, tariffs
mercantilism
An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought
Board of Trade
commissioned by King William III of England to supervise commerce, recommend appointments of colonial officials, and review colonial laws to see that none interfered with trade or conflicted with the laws of England
tariffs
Taxes on imported goods
Key concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic world had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown a custom to a large measure of autonomy.

B. Late 17th-century efforts to integrate Britain's colonies into a coherent, hierarchal imperial structure and pursue mercantilist economic aims met with scant success due largely to varied forms of colonial resistance and conflicts with American Indian groups, and were followed by nearly a half century of the British government's relative indifference to colonial governence.
Examples: Salutary neglect, Dominion of New England, Navigation Acts, Albany Plan of Union (1754)
salutary neglect
an English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in its colonies in return for the colonies' continued economic loyalty
Dominion of New England
An administrative union of English colonies in the New England region of North America.

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.
Navigation Acts
Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade
Albany Plan of Union
plan proposed by Benjamin Franklin in 1754 that aimed to unite the 13 colonies for trade, military, and other purposes; the plan was turned down by the colonies and the Crown
Key concept 2.3: The increasing political, economic, and cultural exchanges within the Atlantic world had a profound impact on the development of colonial societies in North America.

Britain's desire to maintain a viable North American empire in the face of growing internal challenges and external competition inspired efforts to strengthen its imperial control, stimulating increasing resistance from colonists who had grown a custom to a large measure of autonomy.

C. resistance to imperial control and the British colonies drew on colonial experiences of self-government, evolving local ideas of liberty, the political thought of the enlightenment, greater religious independence and diversity, and an ideology critical of perceived corruption in the imperial system.
Examples: First Great Awakening, republicanism
First Great Awakening
Religious revival in the colonies in 1730s and 1740s; George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.
Republicanism
A philosophy of limited government with elected representatives serving at the will of the people. The government is based on consent of the governed.
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