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History 2021 Winter Exam

Terms in this set (40)

How did the first Americans come to the American Continent? When did this happen?
Paleo-Indians went on the Bering Land Bridge.
How did Native American groups understand property rights? Who owned land?
The Natives thought land wasn´t individual and land wasn´t owned, it was the things in the land that were owned.
What were the 4 Mesoamerican groups we discussed?
Incas, Aztecs, Olmec, Mayan.
Who were the first Europeans in North America? Did they settle it permanently? Why or why not?
The vikings were the first Europeans to settle in North America. They didn't settle permanently because of isolation, bad weather, and food shortages.
What was the first European power to start exploring?What technologies allowed them to explore?
Portugal,
The Astrolabe - a device that enabled navigators to learn their ship's location by charting the position of the stars
Caravels - new ships that used triangular sails that, unlike traditional square sails, allowed ships to sail against the wind.
Who was the initiator of their Age of Discovery?
Prince Henry the navigator.
List the technologies that allowed them to explore?
The Astrolabe and Caravels.
Describe the direction that the Portuguese explored. Why did they go that direction?
They went around Africa to Asia. They couldn't go through the Mediterranean because the Italians controlled it. They also went around because they didn't want to pay the tax.
Describe the direction the Spanish explored. Why did they go that direction?
The Spanish explored near South America.
What was the Northwest Passage?
The Northwest Passage was a fabled split in the earth that would allow sailors to pass through North America and onto the spice islands. (IT DIDN'T EXIST)
What Native American Confederacy became the dominant power? What did they do to the Algonquin speaking people?
The first native peoples encountered by European settlers in the New World were Algonquian tribes, speaking variants of the Algonquin language group.
The Algonquin speaking people formed a relationship of mutual benefit with this European power? What was the alliance built on?
The French, and it was built on a middle ground.
What was the #1 cause of death among the Native American populations? What percentage of the population of the Americas perished within the first century and a half of European contact?
Disease, 90%.
The Dutch settled what area of North America? Who was their most known leader? What sort of economic activity were they performing?
The Dutch's settlement in America stretched out from New Netherlands to Albany(New York.)
When did Great Britain go to war with Spain?
Great Britain went to war with Spain in 1762-1763.
What was the first permanent English settlement in North America? What were the early issues settling this place? What saved it?
The first permanent English settlement in North America was Jamestown. The Town got off to a rough start when the miners did not find any gold and did not bring nearly enough food to feed them for as long as they were there. Fourtonly for the starving settlers a man by the name of John Rolfe came to the colonies with a handful of tobacco seeds and the tobacco started the colony in the right direction.
What was the Patroon system? What did the British call their system that was very similar?
The patroon system says that if you pay for the passage of an immigrant you get an additional 50 acres in land. The British called this system the headright policy.
Where were the first plantations that used African slave labor? Describe why these locations were chosen and discovered. Describe why slave labor was used.
The first plantations were the Canary Islands, Azores, and Cape Verde. They were discord from the Volta De Mar.The first plantations that used African labor were sugar.These plantations developed from Mediterranean farming systems that focused on growing cash crops for trade rather than on subsistence crops for local use. Europeans first encountered many of their major cash crops, such as sugar. As sugar plantations grew to require significant numbers of workers and strenuous levels of labor,
What is the estimate of how many Africans were forcibly relocated.
There were about 12 million Africans.
Before the arrival of Europeans, where were the most advanced Native American societies located?
They were located in Latin America. The Incas, Aztecs, and Mayans were very advanced.
The West African Empires were known for trading in what 3 items? Who were some of the key leaders in the West African Empires?
The leaders of West African Empires were known for trading salt, ,gold and slaves to the europeans.
How did Mali's location help them grow and protect their empire?
Mali's location helped them grow because they were on a peninsula that protected them on three sides. This made them a port city that made them very rich.
Prior to Portuguese and Spanish exploration, how were goods transported from the Far East to Europe? Who controlled each step along the way?
Goods were transported from the Far East to Europe by the silk road and by ships with goods on them. The Italians controlled the ports and were easy to reach and so they were able to sell the goods to other countries for a much higher price then what they got them for. The Africans controlled the silk road trade because they charged heavy taxes on shipping to the traders.
What European power was known to treat Native people the worst? What was that system called?
The Spanish were the European power that was known to kill the natives or treat them very badly. This system was called encomianda and it shook the Natives hard.
What was the name of the Aztec capital? What was unique about it? What was happening inside of it during the Spanish siege around it?
The capital was Tenochtitlan. This was special because it was built on a lake.
What were the economic reasons for European powers to explore? What were the religious reasons for European powers to explore? What were the humanitarian justifications for Protestant countries to explore?
The economic reasons were that the European powers needed money, and wanted gold. The religious reasons were the the wanted to spread christianity. The European powers' humanitarian justifications were the reports of Spanish cruelty against the natives.
How did the Protestant countries (such as England) (ironically enough) know about the Spanish mistreatment of Native people?
Bartholomew De Las Casas wrote a book called "Popery Truly Display'd in its Bloody Colors: Or, a Faithful Narrative of the Horrid and Unexampled Massacres, Butcheries, and all manners of Cruelties that Hell and Malice could invent, committed by the Popish Spanish."
How did the Spanish make money in the New World? The Portuguese? The French?
Spain had reaped substantial monetary benefits from New World resources. Gold and silver began to connect European nations through trade, and the Spanish money supply ballooned, which signified the beginning of the economic system known as capitalism.
What accomplishment was Peter Minuit most well known for? What accomplishment was Adriaen Van der Donck most well known for?
Peter Minuit is most known for buying Manhattan from the munsee people.
How many Native Americans were enslaved between the time of Columbus arriving and 1900?
About 2.5 to 5 million people were enslaved between Columbus to 1900.
In 1640, a Virginia court sentenced John Punch, an African, to what punishment? Was this a worse punishment than what his white co-defendants were sentenced to? What was the first state to authorize slavery through law?
John Punch was sentenced to life in servitude after attempting to flee service. Other whites were sentenced only 1 year of indentured servitude and 3 years of service. Massachusetts was the first state to enact slavery through law.
Prior to the Pequot War, the Pequot, the Narragansett, and the Mohegan, battled for control of what?
The Pequot, Narragansett, and Mohegan battled for control of the fur trade.
What was the biggest cause of both King Philip's War and Bacon's Rebellion?
Bacon's rebellion was caused by a pig but the biggest cause was that they weren't being traded well, and King Philip's war was caused by the execution of 3 Native Americans.
What area of North America were the French and British contesting in the French and Indian War (both larger area and specific area)? Why was this area important to both sides (both larger area and specific area)? Who was the young Virginia general that was sent to claim that area?
They were contesting the Ohio Country. The British wanted the area so they could expand west but the French wanted to connect their land in Canada to their land in louisiana.
Who won most of the early engagements in the 7 Years War? How did the other side turn the tide? What relatively small battle turned out to have major consequences? Why?
The French won the early engagements of the 7 years war, but the British turned the tide by spending A LOT of money.
Why were various Native American tribes upset with the British after the 7 Years War? What did the British do to appease them?
The natives were upset with the British because they refused to sell them the weapons they needed to survive. Also the French gave away the lands that belonged to them.
Why did the Proclamation of 1763 upset the American colonists?
The proclamation upset the colonists because they wanted to settle west of the Appalachian mountains, but they couldn't because of the proclamation.
What was the economic system that the British followed in the 18th century? How was wealth created in this system? Why would this upset American colonists?
The British system was called mercantilism. Wealth was created by the British having more exports than imports. This made the British more money than they spent. This would upset the colonists because mercantilism led to excessive taxation in the colonies.
What city became the center of conflict between the colonists and the British in the 1760s and 1770s? What event occurred there on March 5th, 1770?
Boston was the center of conflict. The Boston Massacre occurred there.
What were the three major conflicts between colonists and Native Americans in the 16th century that we discussed? Who were the Native American leaders of two of these conflicts?
King Philip's War, Bacon's Rebellion, Pueblo's Revolt. Sachem Metacomet, Pope or Pompei
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