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Biology Semester Exam

Terms in this set (90)

after performing a monohybrid cross, it is important to analyze the results with a punnet square. What does each box in a Punnett Square represent
possible genotype
which description best identifies characteristics of asexual reproduction
one parent, no union of gametes, offspring genetically identical to the parent
what process is taking place in the illustration shown below
crossing over
which statement best explains the significance of meiosis in helping to maintain continuation of a species?
meiosis provides for chromosomal variation in the gametes produced by an organism
a researcher crosses the f1 generation of two snapdragon plants. according to this information and the diagram below, what is the ratio of their offspring (F2)
1 red, 2 pink, 1 white
what are the possible gamete types that can be produced from a parent who is YyRr? meiosis produces egg and sperm that are alike
YR, Yr. yR, yr
according to the Mendel's law of segregation, what takes place during meiosis
pairs of alleles separate in meiosis, and each gamete receives one allele of a pair
during which phase of meiosis do homologous chromosomes align as tetrads in the middle of spindle
metaphase 1
what term is used to describe pairs of chromosomes having DNA segments or genes for the same traits
homologous
the diagram below represents the organization of genetic information within a cell nucleus, the circle labeled Z most likely represents
chromosomes
the tall allele T is dominant to the short allele t in Mendel's pea plants. You examine a pea plant that exhibits the tall phenotype. What is its genotype
Tt and TT
you are given a sample of unknown human cells to examine. analysis of their nuclei reveals that each cell contains 23 chromosomes. what types of cells might these be?
ova
which diagram represents the process of sperm formation in an organism that has a diploid chromosome number of 8
8-4,4-4,4,4,4
during which stage of sex cell formation does the number of chromosomes decrease from diploid (2n) to haploid (n)
anaphase 1
Which was concluded by Mendel as a result of his genetic research?
factors for different traits are inherited independently of one another
which statement describes the number of chromosomes in a newly formed cell after mitosis
they are equal to the number of the parent cell
During which stage of the cell cycle is the DNA copied?
s stage
strawberries can reproduce by means of runners, which are stems that grow horizontally along the ground. at a point where a runner touches the ground, a new plant can develop. why are the new plants genetically identical to the parent plant?
the new plant was produced asexually
if a cell with 36 chromosomes undergoes mitosis how many chromosomes will each of the two new cells have
36 chromosomes
during which phase of mitosis are sister chromatids pulled to opposite ends of the cell
anaphase
the timing and rate at which a cell divides is coordinated by which complexes
cyclin/cdk combinations
in what organism would you find cell division being completed by cytokinesis a process in which a new plate forms between two daughter nuclei
plant
telophase is accompanied by the division of cytoplasm between two daughter cells. what is this process called?
cytokinesis
what are the structures labeled A in the drawing
spindle fibers
what stage of mitosis is shown in the drawing
metaphase
which description best fits the activity of a cell during interphase
the cell carries on metabolism
when carcinogens cause a failure in the regulation of cell growth and development what condition might occur
uncontrolled cell growth in the form of cancer
the chromosome content of a skin cell that is about to form two new skin cells is represented in the diagram below. which represents the chromosomes that would be found in the new two skin cells
two squiggly two pointy
Mitosis, a stage in the cell cycle, is important for what reason?
growth and repair of an organism
describe the actions of the cell's chromosomes during metaphase a stage in mitosis
they line up in the middle of the cell
the diagram below represents part of the process of cellular respiration. energy is released and made available for metabolic activities at which stop?
step 2
what supplies the protons during the initial process of photosynthesis that drives ATP synthesis
water
which step is the same in both forms of fermentation as well as in cellular respiration
breakdown of glucose
which process releases the greatest amount of ATP
cellular respiration
ATP is a compound that is synthesized when which occurs
energy stored in a chemical bonds is released during cellular respiration
in the material cycle shown below, which processes are represented by letters A and B
A- respiration B- photosynthesis
what change could a student measure to collect data about the rate of photosynthesis in a certain type of algae when it is exposed to different colors of light
the number of gas bubbles given off by the algae
the process of photosynthesis converts which type of energy to chemical energy
light
two test tubes are filled with a solution of bromythmol blue. a student exhales through a straw into each tube, and the bromythmol blue turns yellow. an aquatic green plant is placed in each tube and the tubes are corcked one tube is placed in the dark and the other is placed in direct sunlight the yellow solution in the tube in the sunlight turns blue while the one in the dark remains yellow. which statement best explains why the solution in the tube placed in sunlight returns to a blue color?
carbon dioxide was produced by respiration
which reaction takes place in the thylakoid discs of the chloroplast
light-dependent reactions
which reaction takes place in the storm of the chloroplast
light-independent reactions
in the experiment shown below which process occurring in the peas causes the drop of liquid to move to the left
cellular respiration
which is a product of photosynthesis
glucose
the equation represents a biological process. where is this process completed?
chloroplast
chlorophyll is the primary pigment in the plant chloroplast. it absorbs all wavelenghts of light EXCEPT
green
what characteristic of the plasma membrane is illustrated in this drawing
selectively permeable
while viewing a slide of rapidly moving sperm cells, a student concludes that these cells require a large amount of energy to maintain their activity. what organelles provide this needed energy?
mitochondria
on a laboratory exam, a student is asked to determine if the cells under a microscope are plant cells or animal cells. what might the student look for?
chloroplasts and a cell wall
The diagram below represents a cell in water. Explain why more water is moving out of the cell than into the cell.
the concentration of solute outside the cell is higher than it is inside the cell
how can the cytoskeleton of a cell be described
framework and anchor for organelles
which movement of substances through a cell membrane against a concentration gradient requires energy?
active transport
Which cell organelle contains coded directions for production of proteins?
nucleus
which structure is part of the cell's skeleton
microfilaments
an environmental toxin is discovered that interferes with certain cellular functions. when affected cells are examined, it is observed that proteins that are normally found on the plasma membrane are instead found in the cytoplasm. other proteins are also located improperly. which structure is most likely affected by the toxin?
golgi apparatus
why do many scientists think that prokaryotes are similar to the first organisms on Earth
prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
which statement would not be included in a summary of the cell theory?
all cells contain a nucleus that controls cell division
which letter in the diagram below indicates the structure that is most closely associated with protein building
c
how is the plasma membrane of a cell organized
two layers of phospholipids, with their polar hydrophilic heads facing away from each other
in which structure would you find a nucleus
plant cell
homeostasis is the process of maintaining a cell's environment. this includes the regulation of sodium ion concentration within the cytoplasm. if too much Na+ is inside a cell how can the concentration be changed?
excess na+ ions will be transported out through membrane protein channels
the diagram below shows two amino acids. what would biochemists call the result of chaining many of these molecules together?
a protein
the diagram below illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms. the substance labeled catalyst also is known by what other name
enzyme
you are analyzing a compound in a laboratory. you find that it is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a ratio of two hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom. how will you classify the compound
carbohydrate
a recipe says to mix 100 g of sugar, a pinch of NaCl, and 1 g vanilla flavoring in 113 g of butter. which ingredient is the solvent?
butter
in the following equation, what are the products of the reaction
6co2 and 6h2o
you suspect that a chemical that you are testing in the lab is strongly acidic. what might its pH be?
2
which class of macromolecules store and communicate genetic information
nucleic acids
which does a polymer most closely resemble
chain
different organisms store glucose in various forms. you discover a new species. upon chemical analysis, you find that it is comprised of significant amounts of glycogen. to which organism might this new species be related?
dog
which is not true of lipids
they are polar
which cannot take place during a chemical reaction?
formation of new atoms
a student drew and labeled a graph below based on the results of an expirement. why did the student include the labels activation energy and energy released
to show that the reaction needed heat to occur
which is true about enzymes
they can speed up metabolic processes in the body
what type of compound is made up of atoms held together by covalent bonds
molecule
what makes a water molecule polar
a water molecule has a slight charge on each end
Which unit is part of the International System of Units (SI)?
meter
a scientist uses a graph, tables, and charts to publish research results. what type of research was he or she probably performing?
quantitative research
Some cattle were given BGH to see if they would produce more meat. The animals were studied over a period of two years. Animals in Group A were injected with BGH. Animals in Group B were not injected with BGH. The table shows the results of the investigation. Which is a valid conclusion from this data?
animals injected with the hormone will increase in mass faster than those who are not injected
you are planning to participate in a walkathon for a local charity. which temp. would be most comfortable?
20º C
the results of an experiment show that as temp. increases, enzyme activity decreases. which graph correctly displays these findings?
D- top to bottom decline ex. ( \ )
what kind of question would an environmental biologist ask?
how can the extinction of plants and animals be prevented
what is the most precise volume of the liquid shown in the figure below
19.4 mL
an experimental design included references to prior experiments, materials, and equipment, and step-by-step procedures. what else should be included before the experiment can be started?
safety precautions to be used
a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is a(n)
species
Inside the human body, heat is constantly generated as a byproduct of chemical reactions. Humans must be able to release heat to the environment. This adaptation is necessary for maintaining __________.
homeostasis
sugar dissolves in or mixes completely with water. the solubility of a substance in waters determined by measuring the maximum amount of substance that dissolves in a given amount of water at a given temp. hypothesis: the solubility of sugar in water decreases as the temp. of the water decreases. Identify the independent variable and the dependent variable that you would use to test this hypothesis.
dependent variable- amount of sugar that dissolves, independent variable- water temp.
a biochemist is performing an experiment to determine the effects of chemical X on the growth of bacteria. which test tube is the control?
test tube 1
a scientist performs a series of experiments to confirm an idea regarding cellular respiration. the results of the experimetnts support the scientist's initial idea, and after conferring with colleagues, the scientist discovers that evidence from many experiments has supported the same idea. this idea could not be considered a (n)
theory
which procedure is a scientific method
All are scientific methods.
in an experiment, all variables are held constant except for one. then, experimental results are compared to that one variable. what type of experiment is this?
a controlled experiment
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