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Career Development

Terms in this set (64)

Trait and Factor Matching Theory
E.G. Williamson based on his knowledge of Frank Parsons, the father of guidance. Relies on tests and assessments to match traits, aptitude, and interests with a give occupation
Holland's 6 Personality
John Holland, visually depicted with a hexagon that includes 6 personality types/work environments: realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, and conventional. Congruence between the person and the job is emphasized. Person is categorized using three digit codes such as SEC
Donald Super's self-concept and developmental stage theory:
Also referred to as life span, life-space model. Self-concept, as well as career maturity, influences one's career throughout the life span. His life rainbow helps clients conceptualize their roles as a child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, spouse, homemaker, parent, and pensioner. Super initially didn't believe he created a theory, but felt his work might be the basis for segments of future theories.
Anne Roe's childhood needs-theory approach
Vocational choice is related to personality development at a young age. Is the client person-oriented or non-person oriented? Roe was influenced by Freudian psychoanalytic doctrines as well as Maslow. Roe's work has generated a wealth of research. Studies do not totally support this approach, however it is extremely difficult to control the longitudinal variables involved. the Vocational Interest Inventory and Career Occupational Preference System use Roe's fields and levels taxonomy
Krumboltz's learning theory of career counseling
four factors in career decision making; genetic endowments, environmental conditions and life events, instrumental and associative learning, and task approach skills
The Ginzberg Group developmental approach
Created by an economist, psychiatrist, sociologist, and psychologist. The first developmental approach to occupational choice. The developmental stages are
11 and under:fantasy
11-17:tentative
17-early adulthood: realistic
Saciska's career construction postmodern theory
heavily rooted in narrative therapy in which the client's life is viewed as a story they have constructed and intervention focuses on recurring themes to re-author the story
Social Cognitive Counseling Theory
focuses on how one's belief system impacts career choice
Linda Gottfredson's theory of circumscription and compromise
Developmental approach taking one's childhood into account. Social space refers to the zone or territory of jobs where he or she fits into society
Schein's 8 career anchors
Career anchors manifest approximately 5 or 10 years after a person begins work and guide future career choices. Career anchors are based on the self-concept, abilities, and what the person is good at. Anchors:
autonomy/independence, security/stability, technical/functional competence, general managerial competence, entrepreneurial creativity, service/dedication to cause, pure challenge, and lifestyle
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized

a. only since the late 1950's
b. only since the late 1960's
c. only since non-directive counseling became popular
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern
D
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that

a. a very high proportion of students in hs and at the ms level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college
b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance
c. many students were too inflexible to benefit from career guidance
d. hs studetns wanted career guidance by not ms students
A
T/F? Dual career families on average make more than traditional single income homes
True
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual career household, the woman

a. generally has children before entering the workplace
b. rarely if ever has children
c. is not self-reliant
d. is typically securein her career before she has children
D
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families/couples:

a. dual career families have more leisure time
b. dual career families have the same amount of leisure time as families with one wage
c. dual career families have less leisure time
d. dual career families have more weekend leisure time
C
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and-factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach

a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment. This approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person
c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes
d. attempts to match cognition with the workload
B
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach is associated with

a. Parsons and Williamson
b. Roe and Brill
c. Holland and Super
d. Tiedeman and O'Hara
A
The trait and factor or actuarial approach asserts that

a. job selection is a long-term developmental process
b. testing is an important part of the counseling process
c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job
d. b and c
D
IN 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called

a . the father of lifestyle
b. the father of modern counseling
c. the father of vocational guidance
d. the fourth force in counseling
C
Edmund Griffith Williamson's work (or the so-called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the

a. Rorschach and the TAT
b. Binet and the Wechsler
c. Beck Depression Inventory and the MMPI
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales
D
The trait and factor approach fails to take _______ into account

a. individual changes throughout the life span
b. relevant psychometric data
c. personality
d. job requirements
A
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a 2 dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing

a. unconscious and preconscious
b. fields and levels
c. yin and yang
d. transactional analysis nomenclature
B
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe's fields except

a. Service
B. Science
C. Arts and entertainment
D. unskilled
D
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child

a. experiences neurosis or psychosis
b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or lack of employment
c. will develop a personality which gravitates toward people or away from people
d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed
C
Some support for Roe's theory comes from

a. the BDI
b. the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale- 4th Edition (WAIS-IV)
c. the Rorschach and the TAT
d. the gestalt therapy mvement
C
In terms of genetics, Roe's theory would assert that

a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one's career choices
c. genetics are important while upbringing is not
d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not
B
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was

a. Krumboltz
b. Schein
c. Super
D. Bordin
D
Edwin Bordin felt that difficulties related to job choice

a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms
b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment
c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness
d. are the result of irrational cognitions
a
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.

a. subliminal
b. sublimation
c. repression
d. rationalization
B
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of

a. anne roe
b. donald super
c. john holland
d. hane loevinger
C
Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.

a. 2
b. 5
c. 3
d. 6
D
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland's _____ typology?

a. artistic
b. conventional
c. social
d. realistic
D
Holland relied on a personality theory of career choice. Hoppock's theory, based on the work of _______ is also considered a personality approach.

a. Donald Super
b. Robert Rosenthal
c. David Wechsler
d. Henry Murray
D
The most popular developmental career theories is Donal Super. Super emphasizes

a. id impulses
b. the critical parent
c. the self-concept
d. ego strength
C
Super's lifespan theory emphasizes _____ life stages

a. 5
b. 4
c. 3
d. 9
A
Research into the phenomenon of career maturity reflects the work of

a. John Crites
b. Anne Roe
c. John Holland
d. Nancy Schlossberg
A
The decision making theory, which refers to periods of anticipation and implementation/adjustment was proposed by

a. John Crites
b. John Holland
c. David Tiedeman and Robert O'hara
d. donal super
C
John Krumboltz postulated a social learning approach to career choice. This model is based mainly on the work of

a. Joseph Wolpe
b. Albert Bandura
c. Donald Super
d. Karen Homey
B
The model Krumboltz suggested is

a. a human capital theory
b. an accident theory of career development
c. a status attainment theory
d. a behavioristic model of career development
D
A fairly recent model to explain career development is the decision approach. The Gelatt Decision Model created by Harry B. Gelatt refers to information as "the fuel of the decision." The Gelatt Model asserts that information can be organized into three systems

a. predictive, value, and decision
b. internal, external, and in-between
c. predictive, external, and internal
d. internal and external
A
The most effective method adults use to find jobs in the US is

a. to see a state employment counselor for job leads
b. to visit a private practice career counselor for job leads
c. surfing the web to find job leads
d. securing information via ads in the newspaper
D
When career counselors speak of the OOH they are referring to

a. Occupational Options Handbook
b. Occupational Outlook Handbook
c. Career Options Occupational Titles
d. Optional Occupation Handbook
B
At its zentith the DOT listed

a. approx. 10,000 job titles
b. nearly 5,000 job titles
c. approx. 20,000 job titles
d. nearly 100,000 job titles
C
In the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, each job was given a _______ digit code

a. 9
b. 8
c. 6
d. 5
a
In a lifetime, the average person has

a. 10 to 15 jobs
b. 2 jobs
c. a single job and stays with it for his entire career
d. about 5 jobs
A
Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of

a. Anne Roe
b. John Holland
c. H. B. Gelatt
d. Albert bandura
D
The System of Interactive Guidance and Information (SIGI) and Choices are

a. computer-assisted career guidance systems
b. paper and pencil career tests
c. career theories proposed in the 1940s
d. computer systems what are slower to use than traditional texts such as the DOT or the OOH
A
A male client who hates his job is trying desperately to be the perfect father, husband, and family man. This phenomenon is best described as

a. the recency effect
b. the leniency/strictness bias
c. the compensatory effect
d. spillover
C
The National Vocational Guidance Association was founded in 1913. It was fused with other organizations in 1952 to become

a. APA
b. AACD
c. APGA
d. NASW
C
The Strong Interest Inventory (SCII) is based on John Holland's theory. The test assumes that a person who is interested in a given subject with experience

a. satisfaction in a job with workers who have different interests
b. satisfaction in a job with workers who have similar interests
c. generalized anxiety if he or she is placed in a job where people have similar interests
d. the best results if he or she finishes the inventory in one hour or less
B
The SDS score will reveal

a. career aptitude
b. the personality via projective measures
c. the individual's three highest scores based on Holland's personality types
d. spillover personality tendencies
C
Some exams will split hairs and distinguish a dual-earner household from a dual-career household or family. All the statements below are false except:

a. Dual earner families have a better chance for advancement than dual career families
b. dual earner families are more likely to have managerial or administrative jobs than dual-career families
c. dual career families earn more than dual earner families
d. dual career families have less competition
C
Occupational aptitude tests such as the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT), the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Test Battery (ASVAB), and the O*NET Ability Profiler grew out of the

a. cognitive therapy movement
b. humanistic psychology movement
c. individual psychology movement
d. trait-and-factor movement related to career counseling
D
According to the concept of sex-wage or gender-wage discrimination

a. women make more than men for doing the same job
b. women make less than men for doing the same job
c. men and women make identical salaries thanks to legislation
d. women who are seen as attractive still make 6% more than men for doing the same work
B
According to the concept of occupational sex segregation

a. most women hold high paying executive jobs
b. most women hold low-paying jobs with low status
c. most women hold jobs which require a college degree
d. men still make considerably less than women
B
Most research would suggest that a woman who has the same intelligence, skills, and potential as a man will often

a. make the same job choice as a man
b. choose a supervisory position more often than a man
c. have lower career aspirations than a man
d. choose a career well above her ability level
C
Midlife career change
a. is not that unusual.
b. is often discussed, but in reality is very rare.
c. would be extremely rare after the death of a spouse.
d. would be extremely rare after all the children leave
home.
A
The term 'reentry woman' would best describe...

A) a 32-year old female police officer promoted to sergeant
B) a 22-year old female teacher who becomes a school counselor
C) a 59-year old female administrative assistant who switched positions for two years and will return to her job
D) a 29- year old female who was babysitting in her home but is currently working at a fast-food restaurant
D
In terms of the labor market

a. music is very effective in increasing the worker's output
b. the number of employees that employers want to hire goes down as salary goes up
c. the number of employees willing to work for an employer goes up as the salary increases
d. b and c
D
The career anchor theory was espoused by

a. Roe
b. Tiedman and Ohara
c. Schein
d. Super and Savickas
C
The in-basket technique would be best

a. when you are on a hiring committee and assessing candidates for a managerial position
b. when you are counseling an elementary school child in regard to future job choices and careers
c. when you are counseling a senior in college who is unsure whether to go to college
d. when you are counseling a senior in college who is contemplating graduate school
A
The concept of job clubs as promoted by Azrin et al.

a. is very behavioristic
b. is indicative of a client-centered approach
c. is psychodynamic
d. is appropriate but not with disabled populations
A
Which counselor would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs?

a. Albert Ellis
b. John O. Crites
c. John Krumboltz
d. Robert Hoppock
D
All of the following are difficulties with career testing except

a. stereotyping
b. the tests all take at least 3 hours to administer
c. the counselor may rely too heavily on the test results
d. many tests are biased in favor of white middle-class clients
B
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