development
the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span . involves growth, and includes decline brought on by aging and dying
life-span perspective
says the development is life long, multidimensional, multideirectional, plastic, multidisciplinarym and contextural m involes growthm maintenance, and regulation, and is constructed though biological, sociocultural, and individual factors working together
multidirectional development
some dinmensions will expand and contract, ex a language is acuqired early in development, capacity for learning a new one decreases in later life
Contextual development
context: family, eers, schoools, cities, neighbohoods, university, and so on. Settings.
Multidisiplinary dev. in developmental science
psychologist, sociologists, anthropologist, neuroscientist, and medical researchers
normative history graded influences
influences that are common to peo;e of a particular generation due to historical circumstances
culture
BEHAVIOR PATTERNS, BELIEFS, AND OTHER PRODUCTS OF A GROUP PASSED ON FROM GERATION TO GERAION
Nature vs nature
suggests that either genetics(nature) or the enviornment (nature) played a role in producing behavior, traits, disorders, or anything human.
stability-change issue
involves the degree to whcih early traits and characteristics persist through life or change .... traits/characterists remain the same --> the can change (personality, temperament)
continuity-discontinuity issue
Focuses on the extent to which development involves gradual cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity).
psychoanalytical theories
freudian- describes development as unconscious and heavily colored by emotion. behavior is merely a surface characteristic
scientific method
4 step process: 1) have a subject 2)collect and research data 3)analyze data 4)draw conclusion
Ericksons theory(psychosocial
Believed in 8 stages of dev. each stage consists of unique task that confronts ind. with a crisis that must be resolved
piagets theory(discontinuity stand)
states that children actively construct their understanding of the world and go through four stages of cognitve devolpment
Piagets 2nd stage:
Preoperational- 2-7 Language stage, have object permanence -egocentric(world revolves around them) unable to conserve(or think or two things similtaniously
Piagets 3rd stage
Concrete operational- 7-11
conserves(can think of 2 or more things) logical reasoning,
PKU
a genetic disorder of metabolism, A human metabolic disease caused by a mutation in a gene coding for a phenylalanine processing enzyme (phenylalanine hydroxylase), which leads to accumulation of phenylalanine and mental retardation if not treated; inherited as an autosomal recessive phenotype.
Ericsons stages of develpment are classified as:
Psychosocial Development in 8 separate stages.in which a crisis or task must be addressed.
Ericsons stages of develpment are classified as:
Psychosocial Development in 8 separate stages.in which a crisis or task must be addressed.
Ericksons 1st stage
Trust vs. mistrust: B-1yr. (critical for ego, and is the foundation for later relationships)
Ericksons 1st stage
Trust vs. mistrust: B-1yr. (critical for ego, and is the foundation for later relationships)
Ericksons 2nd stage:
Autonomy vs. Shame: 1-3: stage of independance, when child disovers behaviour is their own
Ericksons 2nd stage:
Autonomy vs. Shame: 1-3: stage of independance, when child disovers behaviour is their own
Ericksons 3rd stage of dev:
Initiatvie vs., Guilt 3-5 yrs: Initiative: playing house, building , ect. Guilt: saying the picture is not good
Ericksons 3rd stage of dev:
Initiatvie vs., Guilt 3-5 yrs: Initiative: playing house, building , ect. Guilt: saying the picture is not good
Ericksons 4th stage of develop:
Industry vs Inferiority: 5-11 yrs: mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, negative outcome is inferiority:made to feel bad,dsruptive child, off task
Ericksons 4th stage of develop:
Industry vs Inferiority: 5-11 yrs: mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, negative outcome is inferiority:made to feel bad,dsruptive child, off task
Ericksons 5th stage of dev
Identity vs. Role confusion: 12-18, child develops identity, finding who they are and what they want
Ericksons 5th stage of dev
Identity vs. Role confusion: 12-18, child develops identity, finding who they are and what they want
Erikson7th stage of dev.:
Genertivity vs Stagnation: 40-50, middle adulthood, looking beyond self, thinking about future, involved im community, neg outcome: stagnation
Erikson7th stage of dev.:
Genertivity vs Stagnation: 40-50, middle adulthood, looking beyond self, thinking about future, involved im community, neg outcome: stagnation
Ericsons final stage of dev 8th:
Egointegrity vs Despair 60 and upward, Egointegrity:reflects on past happily, Despair: regrets.
Ericsons final stage of dev 8th:
Egointegrity vs Despair 60 and upward, Egointegrity:reflects on past happily, Despair: regrets.
Down Syndrome
Children born with an xtra chromosome, Trisomy 21: resulting in mental retardation/physical abnormalities
Down Syndrome
Children born with an xtra chromosome, Trisomy 21: resulting in mental retardation/physical abnormalities
Klienfelters syndrom
have and xtra X :ie:XXY: result is tall, with larger breast, underdeveloped testes: low sperm production
Klienfelters syndrom
have and xtra X :ie:XXY: result is tall, with larger breast, underdeveloped testes: low sperm production
Fragile X syndrome
X chromosome is weak, (mostly males)fragile can break off: effects Cognition and planning , judgement, consistancy
Fragile X syndrome
X chromosome is weak, (mostly males)fragile can break off: effects Cognition and planning , judgement, consistancy
Turner syndrome:
Female syndrome: XX becomes XO, resulting inshort starue, webbed neck, possible infertility and Difficulty with math, verbal ability is GOOD, Treatment: hormone therapy in childhood and puberty
Turner syndrome:
Female syndrome: XX becomes XO, resulting inshort starue, webbed neck, possible infertility and Difficulty with math, verbal ability is GOOD, Treatment: hormone therapy in childhood and puberty
Sickle cell anemia
Red blood cells shaped in cresent and cant carry oxygen as quickly, causing anemia and death
Sickle cell anemia
Red blood cells shaped in cresent and cant carry oxygen as quickly, causing anemia and death
Huntingtons disease
Cental nervous system deteriorates, and muscles, occurance 35 and older death occurs with in 10-20 yrs after symptoms appear
Huntingtons disease
Cental nervous system deteriorates, and muscles, occurance 35 and older death occurs with in 10-20 yrs after symptoms appear
sperm has how many chromosomes
23 with 46 total in human reproduction half from mom and half from dad
sperm has how many chromosomes
23 with 46 total in human reproduction half from mom and half from dad
germinal period
the period of prenatal dev. that takes place in the 1st two weeks after conception, includes the creation of the zygote, contiued cell division and the attachmet of the zygote to the uterine wall(considered mitosis)
germinal period
the period of prenatal dev. that takes place in the 1st two weeks after conception, includes the creation of the zygote, contiued cell division and the attachmet of the zygote to the uterine wall(considered mitosis)
blastocyst
the inner layer of cells tht develop during the germinal period cells later develop into the embryo.
blastocyst
the inner layer of cells tht develop during the germinal period cells later develop into the embryo.
1st trimester of pregnancy
1-3 months-germinal period:cell division by mitosis, cels have specialized for different tasks
1st trimester of pregnancy
1-3 months-germinal period:cell division by mitosis, cels have specialized for different tasks
2nd trimester of pregnancy
3-6 months embrionic period: rate of cell defferentation intensifies, and organs appear
2nd trimester of pregnancy
3-6 months embrionic period: rate of cell defferentation intensifies, and organs appear
small for date infants
an infant with weghts below normal when the length of pregnany is considered . can be preterm or full term
small for date infants
an infant with weghts below normal when the length of pregnany is considered . can be preterm or full term
fetal alcohol syndrome
a cluster of abnormalities that apear in the offspring of moms who drink alscohol heavily during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
a cluster of abnormalities that apear in the offspring of moms who drink alscohol heavily during pregnancy
Heroin in offspring
behavioral difficulties and tremors irritablily abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, impaired motor control.
Heroin in offspring
behavioral difficulties and tremors irritablily abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, impaired motor control.
methanphetamine and the offfspring
high infant mortality lbw,and dev andbehavioral problems memory deficits
methanphetamine and the offfspring
high infant mortality lbw,and dev andbehavioral problems memory deficits
alcohol and the offspring
facil deformities and dective limbs, gace hear, impainred math ability and multiple reagions of the brain, Us surgeon recommends no alcohol consumtion during pregnancy is safe.
alcohol and the offspring
facil deformities and dective limbs, gace hear, impainred math ability and multiple reagions of the brain, Us surgeon recommends no alcohol consumtion during pregnancy is safe.
caffeine and pregnancy
women who consumed 2oo or more milligrams of caffeine a day increase risk of miscarriage and to do so sparingly
caffeine and pregnancy
women who consumed 2oo or more milligrams of caffeine a day increase risk of miscarriage and to do so sparingly
Infant relexes
Rooting(infant turns head when cheek is stroked),Sucking, Moro(neonatal startle to response infant throw arms back and head. the rapidly closes its limbs to body.
Infant relexes
Rooting(infant turns head when cheek is stroked),Sucking, Moro(neonatal startle to response infant throw arms back and head. the rapidly closes its limbs to body.
Cephalocaudal
sequence of devekopment in which earlies growth starts at the head and extends downward
Cephalocaudal
sequence of devekopment in which earlies growth starts at the head and extends downward
Phomeme
the shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in the language
Phomeme
the shortest arbitrary unit of sound in a language that can be recognized as being distinct from other sounds in the language
morphme
Smallest meaningful unit of a language; used to form words(minimal unit of meaning, and cant be broken into parts)
morphme
Smallest meaningful unit of a language; used to form words(minimal unit of meaning, and cant be broken into parts)
babbling begins at age
6 months at 5 months infants understand first word, 2-4 months cooing begings
babbling begins at age
6 months at 5 months infants understand first word, 2-4 months cooing begings
Difficult child
A child whose temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely.
Difficult child
A child whose temperament is characterized by irregular daily routines, slow acceptance of new experiences, and a tendency to react negatively and intensely.
Slow-to-warmup child
a child whose temperament is characterized by inactivity; mild, low key reactions to environmental stimuli, negative mood, and slow adjustment to new experiences.
Slow-to-warmup child
a child whose temperament is characterized by inactivity; mild, low key reactions to environmental stimuli, negative mood, and slow adjustment to new experiences.
social referencing
reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
social referencing
reading emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation
Reflexive smile
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.
Reflexive smile
A smile that does not occur in response to external stimuli. It happens during the month after birth, usually during sleep.
Social Smile
a smile evoked by a human face, normally evident in infants about 6 weeks after birth or around 2 months