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Respiratory System

Terms in this set (17)

The trunk has 3 cavities lined with serous membranes:

1) T_____
2) A_______
3) P______
1) THORAX
2) ABDOMEN
3) PELVIS
Serous membranes:

Have an inner e_________ layer and an outer c_________ t_____ layer.
Serous membrane lining the abdomen/pelvis is called p_________.
Serous membrane lining the thorax is called p_____.

The thorax contains _ pleural cavities & the m__________.
The pleura have _ layers; the outer p_______ pleura covers the w___ of the t________ c_____, m_________ & c_______ s________ of the d_________
- is a thin layer of c_________ t_____.

The inner v_______ layer covers the v______ (o_____) & is a thin e_________ layer.
The membranes are arranged with their surfaces f______ each other - continuous with each other.

E_________ cells produce a small amount of s_____ fluid.
This provides lubrication & creates a v______ that holds the visceral & parietal pleura together.
Serous membranes:

Have an inner EPITHELIAL layer and an outer CONNECTIVE TISSUE layer.
Serous membrane lining the abdomen/pelvis is called PERITONEUM.
Serous membrane lining the thorax is called PLEURA.

The thorax contains 2 pleural cavities & the MEDIASTINUM.
The pleura have 2 layers; the outer PARIETAL pleura covers the WALL of the THORACIC CAVITY, MEDIASTINUM & CRANIAL SURFACE of the DIAPHRAGM - is a thin layer of CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

The inner VISCERAL layer covers the VISCERA (ORGANS) & is a thin EPITHELIAL layer.
The membranes are arranged with their surfaces FACING each other - continuous with each other.

EPITHELIAL cells produce a small amount of SEROUS fluid. This provides lubrication & creates a VACUUM that holds the visceral & parietal pleura together.
Functions of the Respiratory System:

- Conduct air containing o______ to the a______ in the lungs.
- Allow g______ e_______ to take place.
- Conduct e______ air containing c______ d______ out of the body
- Scents; o________
- Air over vocal cords; p_______
- Body t_______ regulation * cats & dogs as they do not s____.
Functions of the Respiratory System:

- Conduct air containing OXYGEN to the ALVEOLI in the lungs.
- Allow GASEOUS EXCHANGE to take place.
- Conduct EXHALED air containing CARBON DIOXIDE out of the body
- Scents; OLFACTION
- Air over vocal cords; PHONATION
- Body TEMPERATURE regulation * cats & dogs as they do not SWEAT.
Components of the Respiratory System:

- Essential organs; l____
- Ancillary organs; a__ p______ leading to & from the l____
Components of the Respiratory System:

- Essential organs; LUNGS
- Ancillary organs; AIR PASSAGES leading to & from the LUNGS
Passage of Inspired Air:

> N_______
> N____ c_______ - filled with c_______
> N__________
> L______
> T______
> B________ t___
> L____
Passage of Inspired Air:

> NOSTRILS
> NASAL CAVITIES - filled with CONCHAE
> NASOPHARYNX
> LARYNX
> TRACHEA
> BRONCHIAL TREE
> LUNGS
Nose:
Conchae function:

Inspired air enters the nostrils & into the n_____ c______.
Nasal cavities are filled with c______.
C______ are scrolls of b___ in the n_____ c_____, lined with a mucous e________ which is very well v__________.

M_______ the air before it travels to the lungs.
1) W_____ the air by passing over the v________ m_____.
2) M_______ the air by vapour from t_____ & s_____ nasal s________.
3) C______ the air by coming into contact with the m______ g_____ in the m_____ e_________. Particles are trapped.
C____ on the e_______ of the c______ moves mucus towards the p_______
where it is then s________.

Cilia:
* The sticky m_____ runs from the the n_____ c______ to the l____.
C____ move mucous up or down the tract as needed.
In the n___, cilia beat mucous _____ towards the p______ where is can be swallowed. In the t______ & below, cilia beat mucous __ towards the p_____ where is can be swallowed.
Nose:
Conchae function:

Inspired air enters the nostrils & into the NASAL CAVITIES.
Nasal cavities are filled with CONCHAE.
CONCHAE are scrolls of BONE in the NASAL CAVITIES, lined with a mucous EPITHELIUM which is very well VASCULARISED.

MODIFIES the air before it travels to the lungs.
1) WARMS the air by passing over the VASCULAR MUSCOSA.
2) MOISTENS the air by vapour from TEARS & SEROUS nasal SECRETIONS.
3) CLEANS the air by coming into contact with the MUCOUS GLANDS in the MUCOUS EPITHELIUM. Particles are trapped.
CILIA on the EPITHELIUM of the CONCHAE moves mucus towards the PHARYNX where it is then SWALLOWED.

Cilia:
* The sticky MUCOUS runs from the the NASAL CAVITIES to the LUNGS.
CILIA move mucous up or down the tract as needed.
In the NOSE, cilia beat mucous DOWN towards the PHARYNX where is can be swallowed. In the TRACHEA & below, cilia beat mucous UP towards the PHARYNX where is can be swallowed.
Nose:
Ethmoconchae function

Key role in o________. Have s______ nerve endings responsive to smell.
Nose:
Ethmoconchae function

Key role in OLFACTION. Have SENSORY nerve endings responsive to smell.
Nose:

Sinuses function:
Air filled cavities within the bones of the s____ (p________ bones).
Lighten the weight of the skull (horse).
Areas of h___ exchange & m_____ secretion.
Lined with c______ m______ e________.

* Paranasal sinuses are small in the dog and large in horses.
Nose:

Sinuses function:
Air filled cavities within the bones of the SKULL (PNEUMATIC bones).
Lighten the weight of the skull (horse).
Areas of HEAT exchange & MUCOUS secretion.
Lined with CILIATED MUCOUS EPITHELIUM.

* Paranasal sinuses are small in the dog and large in horses.
Function of the Pharynx:

Connection between the n____/o___ c_______ and l_____.
Divided by the s___ p_____ into the;
- N_________
- O_________

The s___ p_____ prevents food entering the n____ c______ whilst swallowing.
Moves u______ to close off the n_________.

The o________ carries food from the mouth to the o_________.
The n_________ - air from n______ c_______ > l_____ > t______.

Some species can breathe through the m____, so air can reach the larynx by travelling through the o_______ (humans).
Some species are obligate nose breathers (h_____).
Function of the Pharynx:

Connection between the NASAL/ORAL CAVITIES and LARYNX.
Divided by the SOFT PALATE into the;
- NASOPHARYNX
- OROPHARYNX

The SOFT PALATE prevents food entering the NASAL CAVITIES whilst swallowing.
Moves UPWARDS to close off the NASOPHARYNX.

The OROPHARYNX carries food from the mouth to the OESOPHAGUS.
The NASOPHARYNX - air from NASAL CAVITIES > LARYNX > TRACHEA.

Some species can breathe through the MOUTH, so air can reach the larynx by travelling through the OROPHARYNX (humans).
Some species are obligate nose breathers (HORSES).
Function of the Larynx:

Air from the p______ > larynx.
A series of pieces of c_______.

Function - regulates air entry into the t______.
The most rostral portion of the larynx is the e________, which prevents food/saliva from entering the t______.
Contains v_____ l_______/folds.
Function of the Larynx:

Air from the PHARYNX> larynx.
A series of pieces of CARTILAGES.

Function - regulates air entry into the TRACHEA.
The most rostral portion of the larynx is the EPIGLOTTIS, which prevents food/saliva from entering the TRACHEA.
Contains VOCAL LIGAMENTS/folds.
Epiglottis function:

Most rostral portion of the l______.
E_____ cartilage (flexible) - moves to close off the l_____ when the animal swallows. Prevents food and saliva entering the respiratory tract.
Epiglottis function:

Most rostral portion of the LARYNX.
ELASTIC cartilage (flexible) - moves to close off the LARYNX when the animal swallows. Prevents food and saliva entering the respiratory tract.
Trachea function:

Connection between the base of the l_____ and the l____.
Series of C-shaped rings of h______ c________.
The rings open dorsally; this dorsal opening is filled with fibrous tissue & the t________ m_______ (s_____ muscle).

Lined with c________ m_______ e_________ (traps particles).

B_______ into the left & right b______ at the lungs.

Trachea lies v______ to the oesophagus.
* The incomplete rings allow bolus of food to pass down oesophagus easily.

The trachea terminates at the h_____ (root) of the lung & bifurcates into the left & right b_____ > lungs.
Trachea function:

Connection between the base of the LARYNX and the LUNGS.
Series of C-shaped rings of HYALINE CARTILAGE.
The rings open dorsally; this dorsal opening is filled with fibrous tissue & the TRACHEALIS MUSCLE (SMOOTH muscle).

Lined with CILIATED MUCOSAL EPITHELIUM (traps particles).

BIFURCATES into the left & right BRONCHI at the lungs.

Trachea lies VENTRAL to the oesophagus.
* The incomplete rings allow bolus of food to pass down oesophagus easily.

The trachea terminates at the HILUS (root) of the lung & bifurcates into the left & right BRONCHI > lungs.
Lungs

The apex of the lungs lie in the c______ part of the t______ cavity.
Oblique base lies on the d____ of the d________.
Lungs

The apex of the lungs lie in the CRANIAL part of the THORACIC cavity.
Oblique base lies on the DOME of the DIAPHRAGM.
Lobation of the Lungs in Dogs:

Left Lung:
_ lobes;
- C______ l____ (cr),
- C______ l____ (cd),
- C______ l___

Right Lung:
_ lobes;
- C______ l____,
- M_____ l____,
- A________ l____,
- C______ l____
Lobation of the Lungs in Dogs:

Left Lung:
2 lobes;
- CRANIAL LOBE (cr),
- CRANIAL LOBE (cd),
- CAUDAL LOBE

Right Lung:
4 lobes;
- CRANIAL LOBE,
- MIDDLE LOBE,
- ACCESSORY LOBE,
- CAUDAL LOBE
Bronchial Tree of the Dog:

Bifurcation of the trachea
> P_______ bronchi
> L____ (s_________) bronchi.
Each l_____ bronchi ventilates 1 lobe.
Number of l_____ bronchi determines the number of l_____ on the lung.
> S________ (tertiary) bronchi, ventilate cone shaped units of lung tissue within a lobe.

Bronchi are ALL lined with c_______ c________ e_______.
All have complete c_____________ rings.
Bronchial Tree of the Dog:

Bifurcation of the trachea
> PRIMARY bronchi
> LOBAR (SECONDARY) bronchi.
Each LOBAR bronchi ventilates 1 lobe.
Number of LOBAR bronchi determines the number of LOBES on the lung.
> SEGMENTAL (tertiary) bronchi, ventilate cone shaped units of lung tissue within a lobe.

Bronchi are ALL lined with CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM.
All have complete CARTILAGINOUS rings.
Bronchioles & Alveoli:

Bronchioles <1mm diameter
NO c___________ support in the b_________.
The e________ of alveoli close to pulmonary c_______ network where g______ e_______ occurs.
Highly dense c________ n________ in lungs.

Bronchioles
> R__________ b_________
> A_______ d________
> A_______ s_________
Alveoli - thin walled e__________ sacs
Bronchioles & Alveoli:

Bronchioles <1mm diameter
NO CARTILAGINOUS support in the BRONCHIOLES.
The EPITHELIUM of alveoli close to pulmonary CAPILLARY network where GASEOUS EXCHANGE occurs.
Highly dense CAPILLARY NETWORK in lungs.

Bronchioles
> RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
> ALVEOLAR DUCTULES
> ALVEOLAR SACCULES
Alveoli - thin walled EPITHELIAL sacs
The Mechanics of Breathing:

Inspiration:
- ribs move f_______ & o__________
- diaphragm moves b_____
- thoracic cavity volume i_________
- the lung is pulled outwards

Expiration:
- ribs move b________ & i_________
- diaphragm moves f________
- thoracic cavity volume d________
- lungs "collapse"
The Mechanics of Breathing:

Inspiration:
- ribs move FORWARD & OUTWARDS
- diaphragm moves BACK
- thoracic cavity volume INCREASES
- the lung is pulled outwards

Expiration:
- ribs move BACKWARDS & INWARDS
- diaphragm moves FORWARD
- thoracic cavity volume DECREASES
- lungs "collapse"
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