WEEK 1: PreLab Assignment (CH 22)

Which of the following statements describe evolution?
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Which of the following statements describe evolution?
Individuals evolve in response to their environment.
Currently, two extant elephant species (X and Y) are classified in the genus Loxodonta, and a third species (Z) is placed in the genus Elephas. Thus, which statement should be true?
Species X and Y share a greater number of homologies with each other than either does with species Z.
Many crustaceans (for example, lobsters, shrimp, and crayfish) use their tails to swim, but crabs have reduced tails that curl under their shells and are not used in swimming. This is an example of ________.
vestigial
The following question refers to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D.
two strata
Over long periods of time, many cave-dwelling organisms have lost their eyes. Tapeworms have lost their digestive systems. Whales have lost their hind limbs. How can natural selection account for these losses?
Under particular circumstances that persisted for long periods, each of these structures presented greater costs than benefits.
Which one of the following statements best defines artificial selection?
Process of human directed breeding aimed to produce selective traits in selected species
About thirteen different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the thirteen species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?
Their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of the five tree finch species.
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the bones in the wing of a bird?
bones flipper of a whale
Which of the following factors could cause a surge in population size?
better eyesight evolves
Starting from the wild mustard Brassica oleracea, breeders have created the strains known as Brussels sprouts, broccoli, kale, and cabbage. Therefore, which of the following statements is correct?
In this wild mustard, there is enough heritable variation to permit these different varieties.
Given what we know about evolutionary biology, we expect to find the largest number of endemic species in which of the following geological features, which have existed for at least a few million years?isolated island ocean in the tropicsThe following questions refer to the figure below, which shows an outcrop of sedimentary rock whose strata are labeled A-D.CDarwin and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection was revolutionary because it ________.dismissed the idea that species are constant and emphasized the importance of variation and change in populationsAbout thirteen different species of finches inhabit the Galápagos Islands today, all descendants of a common ancestor from the South American mainland that arrived a few million years ago. Genetically, there are four distinct lineages, but the thirteen species are currently classified among three genera. The first lineage to diverge from the ancestral lineage was the warbler finch (genus Certhidea). Next to diverge was the vegetarian finch (genus Camarhynchus), followed by five tree finch species (also in genus Camarhynchus) and six ground finch species (genus Geospiza). If the six ground finch species have evolved most recently, then which of these is the most logical prediction?Their genomes should be more similar to each other than are the genomes of the five tree finch species.The following questions refer to the evolutionary tree in the figure below.The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.Evolutionary trees such as this are properly understood by scientists to be ________.hypothesesThe following question is based on information from Frank M. Frey, "Opposing Natural Selection from Herbivores and Pathogens May Maintain Floral-Color Variation in Claytonia virginica (Portulacaceae)," Evolution 58(11), 2004: 2426-37.Claytonia virginica is a woodland spring herb with flowers that vary from white, to pale pink, to bright pink. Slugs prefer to eat pink-flowering over white-flowering plants (due to chemical differences between the two), and plants experiencing severe herbivory are more likely to die. The bees that pollinate this plant also prefer pink to white flowers, so that Claytonia with pink flowers have greater relative fruit set than Claytonia with white flowers. A researcher observes that the percentage of different flower colors remains stable in the study population from year to year. Given no other information, if the researcher removes all slugs from the study population, what do you expect to happen to the distribution of flower colors in the population over time?The percentage of pink flowers should increase over time.Which pair of scientists below would probably have agreed with the process that is depicted by this tree?darwin and wallaceThe following questions refer to the evolutionary tree in the figure below.The horizontal axis of the cladogram depicted below is a timeline that extends from 100,000 years ago to the present; the vertical axis represents nothing in particular. The labeled branch points on the tree (V-Z) represent various common ancestors. Let's say that only since 50,000 years ago has there been enough variation between the lineages depicted here to separate them into distinct species, and only the tips of the lineages on this tree represent distinct species.In Darwin's tree of life, each fork in the tree represents ________.the most recent common ancestor of the subsequent branchesFossils of Thrinaxodon, a species that lived during the Triassic period, have been found in both South Africa and Antarctica. Thrinaxodon had a reptile-like skeleton and laid eggs, but small depressions on the front of its skull suggest it had whiskers and, therefore, fur. Thrinaxodon may have been warm-blooded. The fossils of Thrinaxodon are consistent with the hypothesis that ________.mammals evolved from a reptilian ancestorWhich of the following statements best explains why modification or change in an organ or tissue during the lifetime of an individual is not inherited?Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.