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anatomy chapter 1 test

Terms in this set (79)

Define the terms anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy - the study of the structure and shape
Physiology - the study of how the body and how it functions
list the eight levels of structural organization in biology from smallest to largest
atoms, molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organisms
name and state the basic functions of each of the 11 major body systems
1) integumentary- protects the body?deeper tissue from injury
2) skeletal- supports the body organs
3) muscular- contract or shorten
4) nervous- responds to internal and external changes
5) endocrine- controls body activities (hormones)
6) cardiovascular- uses blood as the transporting fluid to and from the tissue cells
7) lymphatic- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood and disposed of debris in the lymphatic stream
8) respiratory- keeps body constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
9) digestive- breaks down food and delivers the products to the blood for dispersal to the body cells
10) urinary- removes the nitrogen- containing waste from the blood and flushes them from the body in urine
11) reproductive- produces offspring
List the seven characteristics shared by all living things
1) all living things are composed of cells
2) respond to stimuli
3) grow and develop
4) reproduce
5) pass down hereditary traits to their offspring
6) maintain homeostasis
7) have a metabolism
define homeostasis and list several things which living things must maintain through homeostasis
homeostasis- living things ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world is continuously changing. ex) temperature, blood pressure, hormones, water balance, ph, glucose, toxins, salinity levels
explain how the terms set point, receptor, control, and effector pertain to homeostasis
set point refers to the normal levels of different variables within the body. receptor is the senses change in environment, senses signal to control center. control determines response needed, sends new signal to effector. effector response is enacted
provide an example of negative feedback within the human body
inhibitory response. detect change and create response to oppose change. ex) temperature, blood glucose, calcium levels home heating system connected to a thermostat
provide an example of positive feedback within the human body
stimulatory. response in the same direction as the change to make stronger. ex) blood clotting, birth contractions, and birthing
define metabolism, and specify the difference between catabolic and anabolic reactions
metabolism- all chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism. catabolic- break down--> larger to smaller. anabolic- building up--> smaller to larger
Describe the anatomical position
Body erect; feet parallel, facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward
what properties of the element carbon make it essential to life?
form strong covalent bond with other elements. can form millions of different complex structures. carbon easily bonds with other elements and other carbon atoms. can form chains and ring structures. can form single, double, and triple chemical bonds
what do all of the biological macro molecules have in common?
they all contain carbon ring or chain form, which means they are organic molecule. they contain oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen
Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
hydrophilic
what are the monomers of carbohydrates called?
monosaccharides
what are three examples of monosaccharides, and where could you find each of them?
1) glucose- "blood sugar" fruits and vegetables
2) fructose-fruits and honey
3) galactose-dairy products
what are three examples of disaccharides, what monomers are in each of them, and where could you find them?
1) lactose- glucose+galactose= milk
2) maltose- glucose+glucose= malt sugar
3) sucrose- glucose+fructose= normal sugar
specify four examples of polysaccharides, and explain what function each of them serves.
1) cellulose- builds cell walls for plants and bacteria (flexibility)
2) glycogen- storage of extra glucose in animals (liver and muscle cells)
3) chitin- generates a hard outer shell or armor in organisms for protection
4) starch- stores energy in plants
Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
hydrophobic
what are the major structural components of lipids?
glycerol and fatty acids
compare and contrast how lipids and carbohydrates are utilized as sources of energy
carbohydrates are readily available source of short term energy, make up cell walls in bacteria, plants and fungi are also exoskeleton.
lipids are long term energy storage, make up cell membranes.
what states of matter can each of the types of fatty acids typically be found in at room temperature and why?
saturated fats are solid at room temp, while unsaturated fats are liquid. animal fats are generally saturated fats. plants and fish fats are generally unsaturated fats. both are because of their molecular structure.
describe the health benefits and concerns related to consumption of each of the types of fatty acids, and what types of foods can you find each of them in
saturated fats are bad because they have more hydrogen bonds making it more difficult to break down using more energy, while they give you more energy (animal fats).
unsaturated fats are better for you because they have less hydrogen bonds making it easier to break down (plant fish oils).
trans fats are man made so our bodies don't have the enzymes to break it down (junk food).
describe the structure of phospholipids and how they orient themselves within the phospholipid bilayer of a cell membrane
protect the cell and help regulate cell process. make up cell membrane. a polar hydrophilic head and 2 nonpolar hydrophobic fatty acid tails phosphoslipids pair up to create a protective phospholipid bilayer
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
how does a polypeptide fold into a protein?
primary: sequence of amino acids
secondary: folding of polypeptide chain
tertiary: 3-D arrangement of polypeptide chain
quaternary: association of 2 or more proteins
what determines whether a protein will be hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
its based on the R group
What are enzymes?
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions
what are the monomers of nucleic acids called?
nucleotides
what function do nucleic acids serve?
store and transmit hereditary or genetic information DNA and RNA
compare and contrast the two types of nucleic acids
DNA provides the code for the cell activities. RNA converts that code into proteins to carry out cellular functions
Describe how ionic bonds form.
one atom (metal) donated an electron(s) to another atom (non metal) fill octet rule
describe how a covalent bond forms
non metals share electrons to fill octet rule
What are London dispersion forces?
the weakest of van der waals forces and take place between non polar molecules
how are hydrogen bonds different from other dipole-dipole interactions?
hydrogen bonds include electronegative elements such as N, O, F
what is the difference between cohesion and adhesion?
cohesion is the attraction between 2 molecules of the same substance. adhesion is the attraction between 2 molecules of different substances
What is capillary action?
the process of a liquid flowing in a narrow space without the assistance of, or even in opposition to, any external forces like gravity
What is surface tension?
the tension of the surface film of a liquid caused by the attraction of the molecules in the surface layer by the bulk of the liquid, which tends to minimize surface area.
how does the high specific heat capacity of water enable ectothermic animals such as fish to maintain homeostasis of their body temperature more easily?
it allows them to minimize temp fluctuations to within limits that permit life. use water more evenly dispersed heat in their bodies
What causes evaporation cooling?
energy is absorbed meaning bonds are breaking which you then need cooling to turn sweat into gas
what kinds of substances can dissolve in water and why?
sugars, sodium chloride, and hydrophilic proteins. oils, fats, and organic solvents don't because they are hydrophobic
How is intracellular energy obtained from ATP?
through metabolic process ATP becomes hydrolyzed into ADP. breaking through hydrolysis, energy is released ATP-->ADP
why do eukaryotic organisms have nuclei within their cells?
provides a distinct compartment within the cell, allowing transcription and splicing to proceed prior to the beginning of translation. transcription occurs in the nucleus, translation occurs in the cytoplasm. they are isolated unlike bacteria that is translated into a protein as soon as it is transcribed. eukaryotic RNA contain introns and exons and must be edited before translation can begin
compare and contrast glycoproteins with glycolipids.
glycoproteins: molecule that comprise protein and carbohydrate chains that are involved in many physiological functions including immunity. glycolipids:
what causes integral membrane proteins to be located within the phospholipid bilayer and peripheral membrane proteins to remain loosely attached to the exterior of the cell membrane?
Integral membrane proteins are, as their name suggests, integrated into the membrane: they have at least one hydrophobic region that anchors them to the hydrophobic core of the phospholipid bilayer.
peripheral membrane proteins do not stick into the hydrophobic core of the membrane, and they tend to be more loosely attached attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipids
What are transmembrane proteins?
Integral proteins that span the membrane.
what is the purpose of cholesterol within the cell membrane of animal cells?
to immobilize the outer surface of the membrane, reducing fluidity.
what is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?
helps cells maintain their shape and internal organization. give shape and coherence.
what chemical reaction takes place within mitochondria?
cellular respiration
what function do ribosomes serve?
to perform translation. they bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins
what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
produce proteins for the rest of the cell to function
what is the function of the golgi apparatus?
helps process and package proteins and lipid molecules, especially proteins destined to be exported from the cell
what is the function of lysosomes?
they break down excess or worn out cell parts. they may be used to destroy invading viruses and bacteria
compare and contrast cilia with flagella.
cilia are short microscopic hairlike vibrating structures found in large numbers on the surface of certain cells, either causing currents in the surrounding fluid, or, in some protozoans and other small organisms, providing propulsion. flagella are slender, threadlike structures, especially microscopic append ages that enable many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc to swim.
in what body tissue could you find microvilli and why?
in the small intestine because they increase the cells surface area and facilitate the absorption of ingested food and water molecules.
what is cellular differentiation?
is the process in which a cell changes from one cell type to another. usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type.
what is epithelial tissue?
is a type of animal tissue made up of densely packed cells (called epithelial cells) the rest on a basement membrane.
what is connective tissue?
tissue that connects, supports, binds, or separates other tissues or organs, typically having relatively few cells embedded in an amorphous matrix, often with collagen or other fibers, and including cartilaginous, fatty, and elastic tissues.
what are the three types of muscle tissue and where could you find each of them?
1) skeletal muscle tissue- between bones
2) smooth muscle tissue- walls of hollow visceral organs
3) cardiac muscle tissue- in the walls of the heart
where within the body could you find nervous tissue?
in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
compare and contrast the two major types of passive transport.
diffusion is where the movement of select molecules in and out of a cell takes place without the cell using energy (ATP). facilitated diffusion is when polar molecules move through special integral proteins through the cell membrane. they DO NOT use energy.
what is the ideal osmotic state for an animal cell to be in? a plant cell? why?
animal cell: isotonic because they need to in order to be healthy (equal balance of water going in and out).
plant cell: hypotonic because they need a lot more water than animal cell and they will not burst because their cell walls are a lot stronger.
define tugor pressure
the central vacuole is filled with water which creates a force that presses against the cell walls giving the plant structure and stability. IDEAL STATE for plant cells.
Define plasmolysis
loss of water in the central vacuole resulting in the cell membrane pulling away from the cell wall and cell death
what are some major types of active transport?
exocytosis and endocytosis
where might you find proton pumps? what purpose do they serve?
you will find them in the mitochondria inner membrane. its important because chloroplasts during photosynthesis and for mitochondria during cellular respiration. they work against the concentration gradient to keep a high concentration of protons on one side of an organelles membrane. ATP is used to operate the proton pumps.
name a type of animal cell which you could find a high concentration of sodium-potassium pumps. what function do they serve?
cell membrane, transport sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane.
what are the two major types of endocytosis? define each of them.
1) pinocytosis: cellular drinking. cell use energy in order to bring liquids into the cell.
2) phagocytosis: cellular eating. cells use energy in order to bring large macromolecules or entities such as bacteria or viruses into the cell.
Define exocytosis
the removal of bulk waster from a cell. exocytosis requires a cell to use energy.
what are the three major sub phases within interphase? state what occurs within a cell during each of them.
1) G1 (gap 1)- growth: the cell grows
2) S- synthesis: the cell replicates its DNA (genetic material) its centrioles
3) G2 (gap 2)- growth: the cell continues to grow to prepare for cell division by replicating its organelles
what three key events happen to a cell during prophase?
1) spindle fibers begin to form from the centrioles
2) the nuclear envelope begins to dissolve
3) the chromosomes begin to condense (uncondensed form of DNA observed during interpahse is known as chromatin)
describe what happens to a cell during anaphase. use specific terms such as sister chromatids, kineotochores, spindle fibers, centromeres, and chromosomes.
the replicated DNA is separated as the kinetochore proteins that hold replicated DNA (sister chromatids) together at the centromere regions within the chromosomes are broken, and the new single chromatid chromosomes more to opposite poles of the cell
what three key events happen to a cell during telophase?
1) spindle fibers begin to dissolve
2) two new nuclear envelopes begins to form
3) the chromosomes begin to dissolve back into chromatin
compare and contrast cytokinesis in an animal cell and a plant cell.
in animal cells a contractile or actin ring pinches the daughter cells apart, creating a cleft or cleavage furrow. in plants cells the cytoplasm of the daughter cells is separated by the formation of anew cell wall that starts as a cell plate.
what are the two major types of tissue repair/wound healing? specify what happens during each of them.
1) regeneration- the replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells
2) fibrosis- the replacement of damage tissue by dense (fibrosis) connective tissue, causing scarring
what are some of the benefits of inflammation?
make it easier for clotting proteins from the capillaries to seep into injured areas, preventing further blood loss, it also cuts off the disease from spreading
what is granulation tissue?
a delicate pink tissue composed largely of capillaries that grow into the damaged area from undamaged blood vessels nearby.
what is the difference between a malignant tumor and a benign tumor?
malignant is a cancerous tumor and benign is just a mass
what causes cancer?
mutations to the DNA within cells
What is metastasis?
the spread of cancer from one body part or organ into another not directly connected to it
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