Biomedical Systems- Chapt 10: Organization of the Nervous System

What is the CNS composed of?
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What is the CNS composed of?
Brain and spinal cord
What layer is the outer membrane?

A. Arachnoid mater
B. Dura mater
C. Pia mater
B
What layer is the middle membrane?

A. Arachnoid mater
B. Dura mater
C. Pia mater
A
What layer is the inner membrane?

A. Arachnoid mater
B. Dura mater
C. Pia mater
C
What are neurons that share similar functions and are grouped into aggregations?

A. Nucleons
B. Nucleus
C. Nuclei
D. Nucleolus
C
What subdivision of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, oligodendrocytes provide myelin and axons CANNOT regenerate?

A. Autonomic
B. Central
C. Peripheral
B
T/F:

Axons can regenerate in the CNS
False!!!

They cannot
T/F:

Oligodendrocytes provide myelin in the CNS
TRUE
What subdivision of the nervous system includes peripheral ganglia, peripheral portions of the spinal and cranial nerves and is both afferent and efferent? Schwann cells provide myelin and axons CAN regenerate?

A. Autonomic
B. Central
C. Peripheral
C
T/F:

Axons CAN regenerate in the PNS
TRUE
T/F: Schwann cells produce myelin in the CNSFALSE!!! They do in the PNSWhat subdivision of the nervous system is selection portions of the CNS & PNS and functions as a distinct system? A. Autonomic B. Central C. PeripheralAWhat nerves of the PNS carry messages from the periphery to the CNS? A. Efferent nerves B. Afferent nerves C. Peripheral gangliaBWhat nerves of the PNS carry messages from the CNS to the peripheral tissues? A. Efferent nerves B. Afferent nerves C. Peripheral gangliaAWhat are groups of nerve cells concentrated into small knots or clumps that are located outside the CNS? A. Efferent nerves B. Afferent nerves C. Peripheral gangliaCT/F: Some peripheral ganglia can be close to the spinal cord and others can be close to the target organTRUEWhat system regulates and controls visceral functions which includes heart rate, BP, digestion, temperature and reproductive function? A. PNS B. CNS C. ANSCT/F: Visceral afferent neurons go from the CNS to peripheryFALSE!!! Visceral efferent doT/F: Visceral motor output (efferent fibers) go from the CNS to peripheryTRUEWhat part of the nerve cell is responsible for housekeeping functions which includes synthesis and processing of proteins (transcription & translation)? A. Cytoplasm B. Cell body C. DendritesBWhat part of the nerve cell arise from the cell body and receives information and has receptors? A. Cytoplasm B. Cell body C. DendritesCT/F: Dendrites bind and response to neurotransmitters released by neighboring cellsTRUET/F: Dendrites translate a chemical message into an electrical or biochemical eventTRUEWhat is a projection that arrises from the cell body?axonWhat is cone-shaped and contains a high concentration of voltage gated sodium channels?axon hillockWhat is the term used to describe if an action potential occurs if the sum of the electrical events at the dendrites and cell body reaches threshold potential?Initial segment (spike initiation zone)What is packed with parallel arrays of microtubules and microfilaments and rapidly convey's materials back and forth between the cell and axon terminus?AxoplasmWhat portion of the neuron carries the action potential to a specific target (another neuron or muscle)?Message-sending portionWhat is responsible for the rapid conversion of an electrical signals into a chemical signal and releases chemical signaling molecules? A. Synaptic transmission B. Presynaptic terminal C. Postsynaptic membrane D. Synaptic cleftAWhat primarily contact dendrites and the cell body? A. Synaptic transmission B. Presynaptic terminal C. Postsynaptic membrane D. Synaptic cleftBWhat has an increased surface area for receptors? A. Synaptic transmission B. Presynaptic terminal C. Postsynaptic membrane D. Synaptic cleftCWhat gives the postsynaptic membrane increased surface area for receptors?Infolding of the plasma membrane & dendritic spinesWhat is the space between? A. Synaptic transmission B. Presynaptic terminal C. Postsynaptic membrane D. Synaptic cleftDWhat contains membranous organelles including vesicles and mitochondria? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportAWhat is responsible for transporting proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportAWhat uses the microtubule-dependent motor protein called kinesin? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportAWhat is ATPase that produces vectorial movement of its payload along the microtubule?Kinesin motorT/F: The kinesin motor always moves AWAY from the cell bodyTRUEWhat moves back towards the cell body with a motor protein called dynein? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportBWhat moves along microtubule tracks and is ATPase? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportBWhat transports growth factors to the nucleus? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportBT/F: Both fast axonal transport and fast retrograde transport can be blocked by loss of ATPTRUEWhat axons need other proteins including cytoskeleton proteins and soluble proteins? A. Fast axonal transport B. Fast retrograde transport C. Slow axoplasmic transportCT/F: Neurons have limited recovery from serious brain and spinal cord injuriesTRUET/F: Learned behavior and memories are NOT preserved in stable populations of neurons throughout lifeFALSE!!! They areWhat is the exception to neurons not regenerating?Olfactory bulb neuronsT/F: Olfactory bulb neurons are renewed throughout life by a population of stem cells or neuronal progenitor cellsTRUEDo axons have their own mitochondria and produce ATP to maintain ion gradients?YesCan axons make proteins?NoAre axons able to sustain themselves if they are separated from the cell body? Why?No because they cannot make proteinsWhat happens to the synaptic transmission during generation of synaptic cleft distal to the lesion?Stops within hoursWhat happens to the axon terminal during generation of the synaptic cleft distal to the lesion?Retracts from postsynaptic targetWhat degeneration happens when the distal segment is destroyed and removed slowly during a period several weeks?Wallerian degenerationDo Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes usually survive the process of myelin degeneration?YesDuring myelin degeneration what immediately is induced to divide and begin to synthesize tropic factors that mat be important for regeneration? A. Schwann cells B. Oligodendrocytes C. NeuronsAWhat cells scavenger of debris created by the breakdown of the axon and myelin? A. Microglia (CNS) B. Macropages and schwann cells C. None D. Both A & BDWhat happens after axonal injury where most neuron cell bodies swell and undergo a characteristic rearrangement of organelles?chromatolysisIs chromatolysis reversible?If the neuron survives and is able to re-establish its distal process and contact the appropriate targetWhat is it when neurons transmitting to injured neurons may be injured and undergo degeneration? A. Anterograde transneuronal degeneration B. Retrograde transneuronal degeneration C. ChromatolysisBWhat is it when neurons receiving synaptic contacts from an injured cell degenerates? A. Anterograde transneuronal degeneration B. Retrograde transneuronal degeneration C. ChromatolysisBCan glia cells be replaced if they are lost or injured in an adult?YesWhat is activated by specific conditions, such as brain injury to produce new glial progenitors?Multipotent stem cellsWhat is included in the telencephalon?Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia and globus pallidusWhat is involved with thinking, learning, memory and consciousness? A. Globus Pallidus B. Cerebral Cortex C. Basal gangliaBWhat is involved in motor control? A. Globus Pallidus B. Cerebral Cortex C. Basal gangliaCWhat conveys information from nearly every type of receptor in the NS including visual and auditory input? A. Cerebral cortex B. cerebellum C. Basal gangliaBWhat part of the cerebellum include sensors that are located in the inner ear and helps maintain the body's balance? A. Vestibulocerebellum B. Spinocerebellum C. CerebrocerebellumAWhat part of the cerebellum receives strong input from muscle stretch receptors through connections in the spinal cord and brainstem and helps regulate muscle tone? A. Vestibulocerebellum B. Spinocerebellum C. CerebrocerebellumBWhat part of the cerebellum receives projections from sensorimotor portions of the cerebral cortex and coordinates motor behavior? A. Vestibulocerebellum B. Spinocerebellum C. CerebrocerebellumCWhat is included in the diencephalon?thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, subthalamusWhat is the main integrating station for sensory information that is bound for the cerebral cortex, where it will reach the level of conscious perception? A. Hypothalamus B. Thalamus C. SubthalamusBWhat receives projections from the basal ganglia that are important for motor function? A. Hypothalamus B. Thalamus C. SubthalamusBWhat controls arousal and certain aspects of memory function? A. Hypothalamus B. Thalamus C. SubthalamusBWhat is the main control center of the autonomic NS? A. Hypothalamus B. Thalamus C. SubthalamusAWhat is the specialized center than control body temperature, hunger, thirst and cardiovascular system? A. Hypothalamus B. Thalamus C. SubthalamusAWhat part of the brain contains the reticular formation that has diffuse connections with the cortex and other brain regions and affects the level of consciousness or arousal? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaCWhat part of the brain contains somatic motor neurons that control eye movement and are involved in relaying signals related to hearing and vision? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaAWhat part of the brain contains motor neurons that control mastication, eye movement, and facial muscles? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaBWhat part of the brain receives somatic sensory information from the face, scalp, mouth and nose? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaBWhat part of the brain is involved in processing information related to hearing and equilibrium? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaBWhat part of the brain receives input from the cortex and form a direct connection with the cerebellum that is crucial for coordinating motor movements? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaBWhat part of the NS contains somatic motor neurons that innervate the muscles of the neck and tongue? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaDWhat part of the NS along with the pons, controls blood pressure, HR, respiration and digestion? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaDWhat part of the NS is the first CNS way station for information traveling from the special senses of hearing and equilibrium? A. Midbrain B. Pons C. Brainstem D. MedullaDWhat NS transduces physical or chemical stimuli, conveys sensory information to the CNS, conveys motor signals from the CNS and converts the motor signals to chemical signals at synapses?PNSWhat division of the PNS contains sensory neurons and axons that innervate the skin, joints and muscle (gather information)? A. Somatic B. Autonomic C. VisceralAWhat division of the PNS contains motor and sensory axons that innervate smooth muscle, the exocrine glands and other viscera? A. Somatic B. Autonomic C. VisceralBAxons are bundled together in small groups called... A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineuirium D. FasciclesDWhat layer surrounds individual axons? A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineuirium D. FasciclesAWhat layer surrounds fascicles? A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineuirium D. FasciclesBWhat layer surrounds bundle of fascicles? A. Endoneurium B. Perineurium C. Epineuirium D. FasciclesCWhat is the area of cutaneous innervation provided by a single dorsal root and its ganglion?DermatomeWhat NS regulates physiological mechanisms including body temperature, blood pressure and HR? A. PNS B. ANS C. CNSBWhat regulates the rhythmic contraction of intestinal smooth muscle and the secretory function of intestinal epithelial cells? A. Interic PNS B. Enteric PNS C. Enteric ANS D. Enteric CNSBWhat does the muscle undergo during axon injury when trophic influence is lost?Denervation atrophyWhat does it mean when individual muscle fibers may twitch spontaneously?FibrillationWhat are small muscle twitches that are probably due to spontaneous action potentials in dying or injured motor neurons or their axons? A. Fibrillation B. Fasciculations C. ParesthesiasBWhat is a tingling sensation? A. Fibrillation B. Fasciculations C. ParesthesiasCWhat are the causes of diffuse or generalized disease (metabolic problem or toxin)? A. Sensorimotor polyneuropathy associated with diabetes B. Chronic renal failure (Uremia) C. Thiamine deficiency (often seen with alcohol abuse) D. Heavy metal poisoning E. All of the aboveE