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Exam 1- Computer in Business

Terms in this set (182)

The terms "data" and "information" mean the same thing.
T/F
False
Companies are implementing open information systems that can be linked to other systems owned by business partners such as suppliers and clients.
T/F
True
Information systems whose purpose is to glean from raw data relationships and trends that might help organizations compete better are called business intelligence (BI) systems.
T/F
TRUE
Geographic Information Systems can be used to manage daily operations as well as for planning and decision making.
T/F
TRUE
While accounting systems focus on recording and reporting financial changes and states, the purpose of human resource management systems is to facilitate financial planning and business transactions.
T/F
FALSE
A _____ is an array of components that work together to achieve a common goal, or multiple goals, by accepting input, processing it, and producing output in an organized manner.
SYSTEM
______ refers to the buying and selling goods and services via a telecommunications network.
E-COMMERCE
_____ are normally responsible for developing cost analyses, design considerations, implementation timelines, and feasibility studies of a computer system before making recommendations to senior management.
SYSTEM ANALYSTS
A _____ is responsible for the databases and data warehouses of an organization—a very sensitive and powerful position.
DATABASE ADMINISTRATOR
In most organizations, the chief security officer (CSO) reports to the _____.
chief information officer (CIO)
Practically any mobile-based system that gives a company competitive advantage is a strategic information system.
T/F
TRUE
Switching costs can be explicit or implicit.
T/F
TRUE
An alliance can be created to enable customers to use the same technology for purchases from different companies.
T/F
TRUE
In a highly competitive industry that traditionally has had a narrow profit margin, JetBlue managed to gain strategic advantage by reducing cost and therefore reducing the price to the customer.
T/F
TRUE
For an information system to be a strategic information system, one of the conditions is that the information system must serve an organizational goal rather than simply provide information.
T/F
TRUE
The word "strategy" originates from the Greek word strategos, meaning "_____."
GENERAL
In a _____, a market rarely remains the domain of one organization for long; thus, competition ensues almost immediately.
free-enterprise society
Which of the following patents does Priceline.com hold that prevents competitors from entering its business space?
Online reverse auctioning
_____ involves adoption of new machinery and elimination of management layers.
Reengineering
The most important metric in the airline industry is _____, which is how much it costs to fly a passenger one mile of the journey.
cost per available seat-mile (CASM)
Consumers of the final goods and services are involved in B2B trading.
T/F
FALSE
Traditional retailers, often called brick-and-mortar businesses, have extended their "storefront" by launching an e-tailing arm.
T/F
TRUE
Affiliates are compensated in many ways such as pay per sale, pay per click, and pay per lead.
T/F
TRUE
The electronic bill presentment and payment allows bills to be presented automatically, directly from the companies' information systems to payers' email addresses, and therefore save labor, paper, and postage.
T/F
TRUE
In dedicated hosting the host dedicates a server to the client, and the client can fully control the content on the server's disks.
T/F
TRUE
While blogging is publishing text and other visual material, _____ is publishing sound and video.
PODCASTING
In the context of B2B trading, online advertising is done mainly in two ways: through _____ and through banners.
SEARCH ENGINES
The most basic metric that can be measured at a site is the number of _____.
IMPRESSIONS
If a student team decides to conduct a synchronous virtual​ meeting, it may choose to use any of the following tools EXCEPT​ ________.
discussion forums
Which of the following is said to be the first and most important step in problem​ solving?
DEFINE THE PROBLEM
The purpose of marketing is to track every financial transaction within a company—from a few cents expenditure to a multimillion-dollar purchase, from salaries and benefits to the sale of every item.
T/F
FALSE
Material requirements planning (MRP) programs use long-range forecasts to put long-lead material on order.
T/F
TRUE
The most important development in hardware to support supply chain management has been a technology called radio frequency identification (RFID).
T/F
TRUE
Modern customer relationship management (CRM) systems can help capture the entire customer experience with an organization, from response to an online advertisement to automatic replenishment of products to proactive service.
T/F
TRUE
Small businesses cannot use targeted marketing due to their low budget.
T/F
FALSE
_____ is determined by the relationship between resources expended and the benefits gained in achieving a goal.
Efficiency
The combination of customer relationship management (CRM) and supply chain management (SCM) systems is referred to as _____.
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
_____, which are used to accumulate data about expenditures involved in producing specific products, make excellent use of IT to compile pricing data.
Cost-accounting systems
_____ are used to execute transactions in which financial institutions transfer huge amounts of money using electronic funds transfer (EFT).
Cash management systems (CMSs)
_____ participate in physical activities such as cutting and welding in the manufacturing process.
Computer-aided manufacturing systems
Usually, a table in a relational database must have a primary key, and most relational DBMSs enforce this rule.
T/F
TRUE
From a technical point of view, online databases that are used with Web browsers are different from other databases.
T/F
FALSE
Data warehouses replace transactional databases.
T/F
FALSE
A data warehouse is a large, typically relational, database that supports management decision making.
T/F
TRUE
The three phases involved in building a data warehouse from transactional data are extraction, transforming, and loading.
T/F
TRUE
There are two overall approaches to maintaining data: the traditional file approach—which has no mechanism for tagging, retrieving, and manipulating data—and the _____, which does have this mechanism.
DATABASE APPROACH
A collection of related records, such as all the records of a college's students, is called a(n) _____.
FILE
A repeated field that links records between two tables, is a primary key in one table, and a(n) _____ in the other field.
FOREIGN KEY
The conceptual blueprint of a database is called a(n) _____.
entity relationship diagram (ERD)
_____ helps the users know what they can find and analyze in the data warehouse.
METADATA
Binary counting system uses only two digits. What are they?
0 & 1
a given or fact
-Can be number, statement, or picture
data
facts or conclusions that have meaning within context.
Composed of data that has been manipulated
Information
array of components that work together to achieve goal or goals
-Accepts input
-Processes input
-Produces output
system
component of a larger system
-Has subgoal that contributes to main goal
-Can receive input from and transfer output to other subsystems
susbsystem
has no connections with other systems
closed system
interfaces and interacts with other systems
open system
all components that work together to process data and produce information
information system (IS)
large collection of electronic records
-connects to web
Database
a business event, usually entered as input
transaction
changing and manipulating the data
processing
get information out of the IS
EX) Printers
Output
maintaining vast amounts of data and information
storage
communication that occurs between computers over distances
telecommunications
sequence of activities involved in producing and selling products or services
-For products, activities include:
-Marketing, purchasing raw materials, manufacturing and assembly, packing and shipping, billing, collection, and after-sale services
-For services, activities include:
-Marketing, document management, and monitoring customer portfolios
supply chain
help manage relations with customers
-Used in combination with telephones to provide customer service
-Often linked to Web applications that track online transactions
Customer Relationship Management Systems (CRM)
ties data to physical locations
-May use information from global positioning system (GPS) satellites (Mapquest, Google Earth)
-represents data on map
Geographic Information System (GIS)
-Help record transactions
-Produce periodic statements
-Create required reports for law
-Create supplemental reports for managers
-Contain controls to guarantee adherence to standards
Accounting
Facilitate financial planning and business transactions
-Tasks include organizing budgets, managing cash flow, analyzing investments, and making decisions
Finance
purpose is to pinpoint likely customers and promote products
-Analyze demand for products in regions and demographic groups
-Identify trends in demand for products/services
-Determine how advertising campaigns affect profit
marketing
assist in:
Record-keeping
Employee evaluation
Employee benefits
human resource management
buying and selling goods and services through Internet
e-commerce
-Starts career as programmer or programmer/analyst
-Researches, plans, and recommends software and systems choices
-Responsible for developing cost analyses, design considerations, implementation timelines, and feasibility studies
Systems analyst:
responsible for databases and data warehouses
-Develops and acquires database applications
-Must adhere to federal, state, and corporate regulations to protect privacy of customers and employees
-Responsible for securing the database
database administrator (DBA)
manages an organization's computer operating systems
-Must ensure that operating systems work together, support business requirements, and function properly
-Responsible for backup and recovery, adding and deleting user accounts, and performing system upgrades
System administrator
creates and maintains Web site
-Must be familiar with Web transaction software, payment-processing software, security software
-Manages both the intranet and extranet
webmaster
supervises security of information system
-Also called chief information security officer (CISO)
-Usually reports to chief information officer (CIO)
Chief Security Officer (CSO)
responsible for all aspects of information system
-Often a corporate vice president
-Must have technical understanding of information technologies as well as business knowledge
Chief Information Officer (CIO)
framework, or approach, to obtaining an advantageous position
strategy
expenses incurred when customer stops buying from one company and starts buying from another
switching costs
charge customer for switching (early termination of contract)
explicit
indirect costs over period of time, such as implementation of new product, staff retraining
implicit
organization that is first to offer a new product or service
-Usually results in superior brand name, better technology, more experience, or critical mass
first mover
persuading customers that your product is better than competitors'
-Usually achieved through advertising and customer experience
-Exemplified by brand name success
-EX) Levi Jeans
Product differentiation
body of clients that is large enough to attract other clients
critical mass
increase value to consumer
Enhance existing products or services
two companies combining services
-Makes product more attractive
-Reduces costs
-Provides one-stop shopping
alliance
linking to other companies and rewarding the linker for click-throughs
-Affiliate program
eliminating and rebuilding operations from the ground up
-Often involves new machinery and elimination of management layers
-Frequently involves information technology
-Goal is to achieve huge efficiency improvements
Reengineering
airline company that entered a formerly hurting market with great success
-Ticketless travel
-Automation with IT
-Reduced costs
-Improved service
-developed Open Skies software to automate ticket handling
JetBlue
enters the market later than other competitors
-Can be viewed as advantage
-Implements latest available technologies
-Not burdened with legacy systems
late mover
money owed by a company to its creditors.
accounts payable
money owed to a company to its creditor
accounts payable
support supply chain activities
-eliminates need to reenter data captured elsewhere in organization
enterprise resource planning system (ERP)
large database that usually stores transnational records
data warehouse
where products, prices & services are determined by market, not government
free-enterprise society
to lower prices
-customers want to pay as little as possible
reduce cost
-lower competition
-raise barriers to entrants
-obtain legal protection of intellectual property
priceline.com patent
two companies decide to share resources to accomplish specific, mutually beneficial project
strategic alliance
serve organization goal & collaboration with other functional units of company
strategic information system (SIS)
measurement & analysis of unique physical or behavioral characteristics especially as a means of verifying personal ID
biometrics
measurement used to compare various airlines
-dividing operating cost of an airline by available seat miles (ASM)
Cost per available seat-mile (CASM)
unique address given to each web site
-IP address: a special numeric address
Uniform Resource Locator (URL):
-contraction of "web log"
-Invites surfers to post opinions and art
-Focuses on a topic or set of topics
blog
publishing sound and video on the web for download
-Usually on a subscription basis
podcast
"real-time email"
-EX) Skype
Instant messaging (IM)
traces and reports online behavior
spyware
advertisements placed on a search site result page
search advertising
images placed on web sites that link to a company site selling a product or service
banners
occurs when a page with a banner is downloaded
impression
network used only by employees of an organization
intranet
network shared by employees of different organizations, e.g., business partners
extranet
activities picking, packing, shipping
Fulfillment
know customers better by gathering information about their online activities
-Some consider this a violation of privacy
consumer profiling
retailers operate only online
pure play
type of fraud involving a fake web site
phishing
transfers data requests from a busy server to a less busy server
load balancing
stores the client's Web site on the same physical server as other clients
shared hosting
the client can fully control the content on a rented dedicated server's disks
dedicated hosting
server owned and managed by a client is co-located with other clients' servers in a secure physical location
co-location
customer's ability to determine the timing and services of their needs from a business organization through a website
-Saves labor
-Encourages customer loyalty
self-service
A group of people working together, all doing essentially the same type of work, to accomplish a job
cooperation
A group of people working together to achieve a common goal via a process of feedback and iteration
Collaboration
able to collaborate with your team but little support from software. Collaboration with text only.
-(ie. e-mail files back & forth, multiparty text chat)
minimal
ability to conduct multiparty audio and video virtual meetings and support for concurrent access do files.
-(ie. Google Drive, Google Calendar, discussion boards, blogs...)
good
includes content management and control, work-flow control, and online meetings with sharing. Best of the three for collaboration.
-(ie. Skype, SharePoint with built in discussion boards, surveys, wikis, blogs, video sharing)
comprehensive
business "storefront"
brick-&-mortar
commercial message sent to a large amount of recipients or posted in large number of places
spam
EX) Facebook, Twitter
social media
new version of a piece of computer hardware or software.
iteration
different perspectives can produce for superior result. Work proceeds in series of stages, revising after shared review of ideas
critical feedback
6 problem solving steps
1. shared definition
2. possible solution
3. criteria for evaluating
4. evaluating alternatives
5. selecting a solution
6. implementing
-shared calendars
-uses word & powerpoint
synchronous
-Email
-Team Surveys "virtual meeting"
asynchronous
program which allows members to hold discussions online. started by 1 member by posting topic & others rely
discussion forum
telephone call which someone talks to several people at same time
conference call
Alternatives for sharing content
-email with attachments
-shared files on a server
no control
alternatives for sharing content
-google docs
-microsoft office
version management
Alternatives for sharing content
-microsoft shared point
version control
-free with Google Account
-allows via comments, chats, & Email
-live collaboration in document
google drive
-free with microsoft, hotmail
-provides version management & participant tracking
-access to all office web aps
-most controlled
microsoft sharepoint
-accepts process description
-interprets
-creates workflow
-controls execution of process instances
workflow control
the degree to which a goal is achieved
effectiveness
the relationship between resources expended and benefits gained in achieving a goal
-its operating costs are lower for the same or better quality product
efficiency
____________ = Benefit / Costs
efficiency
efficiency of human resources
-improves when fewer workers are required to achieve the same goal
productivity
accumulate data about costs involved in producing specific products
Cost-accounting systems
systems that deal specifically with cash
Cash management systems (CMSs):
electronic transfer of cash from one bank account to another
Electronic funds transfer (EFT)
time between generating an idea for a product and completing a prototype
time to market
tools to create, modify, and store designs and drawings electronically
Computer-aided design (CAD):
systems that instruct machines how to manufacture parts and assemble products
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM):
supply chain 3 phases
1. consists of procurement of raw materials
2. processing materials into goods
3. delivering goods
-Determines when inventory needs to be restocked
-Can predict future need based on demand forecasts
-Takes customer demand as input, then works back to calculate resources needed to produce goods
Material requirements planning (MRP):
list of all raw materials and subcomponent demands to produce a product
Bill of materials (BOM):
optimal quantity of a raw material that minimizes overstocking and saves cost, without missing production deadlines
-Considers cost, discounts for large quantities, cost of warehousing material, cost of alternative uses of money, etc.
Economic order quantity (EOQ):
a technology containing circuitry that allows recording of information about a product
Radio frequency identification (RFID)
a code on an RIFD tag that provides more information than the universal product code (UPC)
-Information may include date of manufacturing, plant location, expiration date, destination, etc.
Electronic product code (EPC)
helps discover populations and regions that are most likely to purchase product
market research systems
promotes to people most likely to purchase products
targeted marketing
Human resource management (HRM) classified into 5 main activities
1. Employee record management
2. Promotion and recruitment
3. Training
4. Evaluation
5. Compensation and benefits management
provides powerful mechanism for managing and manipulating data
database approach
smallest piece of data
-A single letter or a digit
character
single piece of information about entity
field
collection of related fields
record
collection of related records
file
message to the database requesting data from specific records and/or fields
query
general logical structure
-How records are stored in the database
-How relationships between records are established
Database model
field by which records are uniquely identified
-Each record in the table must have a unique key value
primary key
field that matches to a primary key in another table
-Used to link the tables
foreign key
additional details about the data
-Source of the data
-Tables related to the data
-Field and index information
-Programs and processes that use the data
-Population rules: what is inserted, or updated, and how often
Metadata
graphical representation of all entity relationships
Entity relationship diagram (ERD):
large repository database that supports management decision making
-Typically relational
-Data is collected from transactional databases
data warehouse
smaller collection of data focusing on a particular subject or department
data mart
phases in transferring data from a transactional database to a data warehouse
ETL
3 phases in data warehousing (ETL)
Extraction
Transformation
Loading
create files from transactional database and save on the data warehouse server
Extraction phase
"cleanse" and modify the data format
Transformation phase
transfer files to data warehouse (database)
loading phase
manages daily operations & facilities planning
enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems
-contains only current not historical data
-not suitable for business analysis
transaction data
magnification or expansion of amount, types & level of detail of data that is collected & stored
big data
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