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APUSH Chapter 13/14

Terms in this set (112)

1. John Q. Adams
2. Henry Clay
3. William H Crawford
4. Andrew Jackson
Election of 1824:
Who were the 4 candidates for 1 party?
- None of the 4 candidates won the electoral college- aka none got the majority which was needed to become president
- Jackson came the closest, but didn't reach it
- So, it went to the house of representatives. According to the 12th amendment, the top 3 can be considered.
What was the controversy surrounding the election of 1824?
1. Jackson
2. Adams
3. Crawford

- House had to decide between these- Clay could not be considered
- At the time, Clay was also Speaker of the House.
- Clay has a lot of influence over who was chosen.
Election of 1824:
What was the order of electoral votes for the 4 candidates?

Where did the decision go? How was Clay involved?
- Clay decides to push for John QA.
- He decides to push for him because William Crawford had suffered a stroke prior to the election and was not in good health.
- What tilted the choice for JQA was his animosity towards Jackson, who Clay hated.
Election of 1824:
Who did Clay push for for the presidency?
Jackson

Adams

The election of 1800 when Jefferson chose his running mate.
Who won the popular vote in 1824?

Who became president?

What was this twist of events similar to?
Henry Clay

Many secretaries of state beforehand eventually became president. This felt like it was a selecting of another president.

Jackson calls all this a corrupt bargain. This is Jackson explaining how Adams became president and how the election was stolen from the American people.

The stain of the "corrupt bargain" cannot be erased and John Q. Adams's years in office obtained little.
When John Quincy Adams became president (1824), who did he select for Secretary of State?

Why was this significant?

What does Jackson call this?

Influence?
2 major national parties

Jackson- Democratic Republicans
Adams- The National Republicans
(Jackson essentially built his party to get himself elected).

2 parties --> more comfortable for one to achieve majority votes.
Feel more comfortable that situations like 1824 won't happen--> Clear winner

Jackson clearly wins
How was the election of 1828 different from the election of 1824?

Who wins?
Jefferson

1. Both pretended to be "common man"; both wealthy
2. Both wanted smaller government- limit federal government and endorse states.
3. Believed that the strongest path forward for the US (economically) would be in agriculture.
4. The other party supported the growth of industry for economic prosperity.
a. Industry vs agriculture
b. Jackson wanted to go with what the majority of people already did.
Whose ideas did Jackson align with?

Explain (4)
Believed that states should have that responsibility to have or not have slavery.
What did Jackson think about slavery?
Rewarding political supporters with public office.
(Major shift in politics)

Jackson becomes famous for this.
What was the Spoils System? Who created it?
Level of ability to those he appointed.
~ Some that he appointed due to loyalty were not qualified.
~ This was detrimental --> they are only there because they helped him get elected.
~ For example, one of his appointees stole over $1 million.
(overall the system was terrible economically)
What was an issue with the Spoils System?
Explain (3)
~ He talks about the positives of turnover and new ideas bring beneficial to American progress.
~ Before, some of these people wouldn't have had a role in government before- more of the American people are involved and thus care more about the success of our country.
~ Having government jobs would make them more confident in the US.
3 positives of the Spoils System?
Samuel Slater

In the home
Who was the "Father of the Factory System"?

Things were previously made where?
A. Duel-purpose textile plants
B. Mostly girls and women

2. Mills (near rivers)
A. New England, MA
1. Lowell (or Waltham) Factory System:
A. First...
B. Employees were mostly who?

2. Lowell Towns were built around...
A. Most famously, in...
1. Lived in boarding houses
2. Dangerous conditions, long hours
3. Factory Girls Association
Lowell girls life? (3)
MA
By 1840, where were most of the mills?
Corporations
- In 1800s, c. 20 corps US; by 1870, over 1800.
- General incorporation laws (NY, 1848)
- Stock
- Limited liability

Banking- paper banknotes
Explain corporations and banking due to the implementation of factories.
Elias Howe and Issaac Singer
Who created the sewing machine in 1840?
Craft societies- people working together in the same industries

National Trades' Union

Early Issues: child labor laws, 10 hour workday, right to strike
~ Commonwealth vs Hunt (MA, 1842)

- Early unions were usually local, social, and weak- and were largely ineffective before the Civil War.
What were craft societies?

What union was formed?

Early issues with factory labor?

Early unions were usually... (3)
1. Indentured servitude
2. Bacon's Rebellion (Virginia settlers vs colonial governor Berkley) and Stono Rebellion (large slave revellion in Charleston, SC)
Early labor supply in America?
Population decline, economic stability, competitive labor markets, increased cost of labor.
Why did slavery expand in the 18th century?
By 1786, all northern states had abolished slavery

1787- NW Ordinance eliminated slavery in NW lands. (NW was more current Midwest).

1789- Constitution~ 3/5th clause, fugitive slave provision, ended slave trade by 1808
Early abolition:
By 1786...

1787...

1789...
1820- Missouri Compromise- solved dispute over slavery into the future
What did the Missouri Compromise initially do?
1. Primarily agrarian- slow to industrialize, inadequate transportation
2. Feudalism/ Manorialism setup- rudimentary financial and political systems
3. Economic power shifted from upper south to the lower south.

a. Tobacco --> "cotton is King"! (1860- 5 mil. Bales/ year= 57% of US exports).
3 parts of Antebellum society?
1. Planter class- "slavocracy"
2. Yeoman Farmers with a few slaves
6,000,000 (1+2)
3. Small, poor farmers- disliked the wealthy
4. Free blacks- 250,000
5. Enslaved blacks- 3,200,000

Total US population = 23,000,000 (9.25 million in the south~ 40%)
1800s social class pyramid? (5 layers)
Cotton, corn, tobacco
3 main crops?
1. rich and poor
2. Calhoun, Jefferson Davis
3. $$ --> private academies, so poor/no school --> cycle of poverty
4. Few immigrants- wage vs slave labor, no cotton knowledge
5. animosity towards planter elites
Southern Social Characteristics:
1. Enormous gap between _____ and _____.
2. Statemen? (2)
3. Schools~ describe wealth distribution
4. Immigrants?
5. Mountain whites?
1. Cotton gin- 1791 (actually invented by a slave)
2. Interchangeable parts rifle

Allowed for more and more cotton to be harvested --> more slaves --> civil war
Eli Whitney:
What 2 things did he create?

Result of the cotton gin? (and long-term)
1. Land=wealth- as cotton prices soared, planters purchased more land and then more slaves --> continuation of rural life and stagnation in terms of cultural change.

2. Skepticism of cities- controlled by rich northerners, escape hatches for slaves.

3. Construction of stereotypes of lazy, savage, black slave culture disincentivized industrial and investment.

4. Led by a lack of city growth, fewer immigrants arrived, little new technology developed (fear of sabotage and change) --> deepening cultural differences with north
Why didn't the South not industrialize? (4)
1. Slave muzzle
2. Slave master brands
3. Chattel
3 slave accoutrements?
Slowing down work, feigning illness, damaging equipment, truancy, running away, rebellion

1. Prohibited manumissions
2. Illegal to teach enslaved to read or write
3. Limited black churches ability to meet
4. Abolished enslaved ability to access courts
5. Outlawed marriage between enslaved
6. Banned antislavery literature
7. Defined rape as a crime vs white women only
8. Outlawed assemblies of more than 3 black people without a white person present
Slave Resistance
Options? (6)

New restrictions? (8)
1. Gabriel Prosser- 1800
2. Denmark Vesey- 1822
2 slave rebellions in the south?
Southern states- liked the individual, hated the race

Northern states empathized with the races and hated the individual
Compare how the southern vs nothern states viewed slavery.
(specifically individual vs race)
Atlantic slavery
~ hereditary
~ brutal
~ result of world patterns
What type of slavery did the US engage in?
No

The South~ 80% of those in the south voted for him.

The entire south agreed on the idea to move Native Americans off "their" land.
Did Jackson like Native Americans?

Where did most of his support come from? How did his view on Native Americans support this?
1. Jackson aggressively attacked the Seminoles in Florida- Adam-Ones Treaty

2. Battle of Horseshoe Bay- almost completely annihilated one of the tribes (Creek). As a result, the US acquired millions of acres of land from that tribe.
What 2 things convinced the south that Jackson could get their goals accomplished?
- Used US legal system
- Had written languages
- Elections
- Democratic governments
- Trade
- Cotton planters and slave holding
- Christianity

1. Hopes of being embraced by the white society.
2. Assimilate to fend off hostile actions toward tribe.
3. Did all of the things above to preserve where they lived.
How were the 5 civilized tribes like US citizens?

Why did they do all of these things? (3)
Cherokee vs Georgia- stopping seizure; decision made in Georgia's favor but John Marshall made the decision and explained it. Marshall went out of his way to say the decision in favor of Georgia is because they are not US citizens. So, find someone to find someone who is on your side to represent you.
Led to Worster vs Georgia
Cherokee vs Georgia?
1. Pro slavery

2. Pro Native American removal
a. To expand agriculture
b. Jeffersonian agricultural lifestyle
c. Southern policy shaped by the supremacy of agriculture. When you grow cotton, it is rough on the earth and the Cherokee had access to good land.

3. Pro states rights
a. hate the tariff because it doesn't help them.
b. the tariff is an overreach of the federal government
c. don't want a bank
What 3 things was the south in support of?
Domestic

North
A tariff makes _____ goods cheaper.

It benefits the _____.
1. Increased prices
2. Pro states rights
3. Overreach of the federal government
a. Don't want a bank~ argue the bank supports northern industry and not the south enough.
3 reasons the south hates tariffs?
1. Less passionate about slavery
2. Pro-tariff
3. Likes federal government- protects them
4. Eh on slavery and native American removal.
What 4 things did the north think? (1800s)
The west
What region becomes a tie breaker pre-civil war?
1. Tradition of removal
2. Assimilation took too long
3. 1830- President could buy Indian land in East for land west of MS river

GOLD
What was the Indian Removal act? (3)

Why did the whites want land in GA?
Cherokee Nation vs GA (1831)
1. "Domestic dependent nation"
2. No jurisdiction because of citizenship.

Worcester vs GA (1832)
1. John Marshall
2. Cherokees were a "distinct community" and protected by the federal government --> GA unconstitutional

John Marshall made his decision and Jackson didn't let him enforce it!
Cherokee Nation vs GA (1831)?

Worcester vs GA (1832)?

What did Jackson do?
- Many died
- Thousands forced to move
- Occurs under Van Buren's presidency
- Jackson pushes it forward
Trail of Tears?
1. Balck Hawk's War
a. Sauk and Fox tribes (IA)
b. Skirmishes --> capture Black Hawk
c. Black Hawk becomes an exhibit

2. Seminole War:
a. Led my Osceola
b. Use geography to their advantage
c. Zachary Taylor- war hero for white government
2 examples of Native American resistance to the trail of tears?
Condescending; anyone who is non-white is a child; it is up to the white people to bring them to their level.
What is paternalism?
The ability to overturn laws.

Federal vs State law- which to follow???
~Interpretations of the laws
~ Deepened with tariffs
What is nullification?

Issue?
Strong central government people (Senator Daniel Webster- MA)
vs
Strong state person (Senator Robert Hayne- SC)
Nullification:
who vs who?
- Really high tariff
- 1825-1828: created as a way to get Jackson in as an "easy ally"
- 1828 tariff was purposely passed at a high rate to tick off the south.
- Adams would sign it into law and Jackson would be elected and it would be gone. He doesn't end up repealing it.
- South want it gone
Explain the 1828 tariff of abomination:
- Nullies

- Wrote the South Carolina Exposition
(John C Calhoun)
- SC flipped out

- Responded by passing the force bill~ Jackson will use the navy to enforce any tariff that is implemented.

Clay's Compromise:
Crisis averted- Decrease tariff over time
Tariff of Abominations:
What are people called who are opposed to it?

What did SC do?

How did Jackson react to SC?

How did Clay react to Jackson reacting to SC?
1. Native Americans
2. Nullification
3. Bank
Jackson's 3 major problems?
Nicolas Biddle
Who was the president of the bank?
- Jackson says that Biddle is using the banks funds
- Jackson claims to be the champion of the common man.
- Banks violated social equality and hurt lower class workers.
- Said the bank only operates for the rich, wealthy, business owners.
What did Jackson say about the bank?
1823 Clay and Webster wanted to put a charter up and make it an election.
2nd bank created in 1816.

1832 --> Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2nd national bank of the United States.

Bank vetoed but still around for 4 years.
What did Clay and Webster do about the Jackson + bank situation?
Jackson takes the money out of the Bank of the United States and distributed it to state banks.

Private banks- "pet banks"
~ Risky
What did Jackson do with the money in the bank?
1. From a northerner perspective
2. Stepping on the bank, which are things the northerners supported.
3. Ironic- shown as a king but acts like the common man.
King Andrew (Jackson) I the King graphic:
1. Whose perspective is this from?
2. How can you tell?
3. How is this ironic?
1. anti-Jackson
2. Oppose Indian removal
3. Favored tariffs
4. Supported a national bank
5. Do NOT take a stance on slavery (rather not say).
Whigs positions on Key Issues of 1832:
1. Anti-_____
2. Indian removal?
3. Tariffs?
4. National bank?
5. Stance on slavery?
1. Donkey because Andrew Jackson was called a jackass
2. Government should have a hand-off approach
3. Pro Indian removal
4. Oppose tariffs
Democrats positions on Key Issues of 1832:
1. Symbol?
2. Government approach to governing?
3. Indian removal?
4. Tariffs?
1. "Old Kinderhook"
2. Martin Van Ruin
2 nicknames for Martin Van Buren?
1. Species= gold or circular
2. You have to buy land using gold or silver
a. Poor people can't
b. --> Panic of 1837

3. Rumor creates a run on the bank.

4. Banks run out of money and close
5. People can't pay

6. People are not happy with Van Buren- 1 term
The Species Circular (1836):
1. Species is...
2. How do you buy land?

3. What creates a run on the bank?
4. Result? (2)
5. Result (pt 2)

6. Result of this for Van Buren?
DE, MD, VA, NC

36% enslaved

Estimated colonial population in 1750: 477,350
Upper south:
4 states?

% enslaved?

Estimated colonial population in 1750?
SC, GA

58% enslaved

Estimated colonial population in 1750: 69,200
Lower south:
2 states?

% enslaved?

Estimated colonial population in 1750?
1821- Mexico won independence

1823- Mexicans contracted Stephan F. Austin to bring American families into Mexico if they were Catholics and Mexicanized. (Less likely to rebel- forced connection)

1830- Mexico outlawed slavery and further American settlers

1835- 30k Texans, ragtag, rough, individualistic, cotton farmers, slave holders

1835- Santa Anna took TX rights, suppressed TX

1836- TX declared independence
Mexico and Texas:
Timeline?
1821
1823
1830
1835
1835
1836
"Remember the Alamo"
Mexicans win
Davey Crocket's Last Stand
Battle of the Alamo
Phrase?
Who wins?
Whose last stand?
1846- US annexes (adds) Texas as a slave state
Lone Star Republic? (what happened in 1846?)
1. Mexico sees it as an act of war.
2. Texas wants to join the US for protection in numbers.

3. Don't want to anger the northerners- Missouri Compromise
How did Mexico feel about the US annexing Texas?

Why doesn't the US annex right away?
Texas Claim- Rio Grande in border
Mexico Claim- Nueces River
What was the border dispute between Mexico and Texas?
Mexico owns Texas. They wanted settlers to convert to Christianity. The settles are unhappy and rise up. Texas wins and becomes its own country (The Lone Star Republic).
1. Texas controlled by Spain and Mexico
2. Invited Americans to farm
3. Independent
4. Takes 10 years to become part of US.
a. Worried about angering northern states- would enter as slave state
Give a brief step by step of the Mexico-Texas-USA issue.
Democrats- Martin Van Buren

Whigs- William Henry Harrison and John Tyler (VP from Virginia)

Harrison won
2 candidates and parties for the election of 1840?

Who won?
- "Log cabin" Campaign- farmer, Westerner Harrison vs aristocratic, Van Buren
- Depict William Henry Harrison as a down to earth person. (Martin VAN Buren- VAN was a title in the Netherlands, fancy, rich, not appealing to the common man).
- Harrison was an aristocrat.
- Electoral vote landslide victory for William Henry Harrison.
- Depicted as down to earth.
- He wanted to disprove this at the inauguration.
2-hour speech in rain and cold --> get sick and died
Election of 1840- how was Harrison portrayed compared to Van Buren that helped him win?
John Tyler took over.

- This wasn't in the constitution yet.
- The cabinet tried to get him thrown out --> Tyler fired them all
After Harrison died, who took over?

How was this controversial?
Whig
Democrat
Tyler was a _____
Polk was a _____
1845

Democrat
When did Polk take office?

Under what party?
C- California: Polk wants to get CA.

O- Oregon~ He wants to solve the Oregon dispute (includes parts of British Columbia) (wants to solve 49th parallel issues)

I- Independent Treasury~ (not a bank). The Treasury manages and regulates the money of the US government. A bank allows for loans.

L- Lower Tariff~ Part of Democrat party
What were Polk's 4 goals for his presidency? (which he achieved)

*hint- COIL
- Americans will settle all the land in North America
- The US is DESTINED to stretch across the continent.
- The US believes they are destined to and are allowed to take over land in North American (including Canada).
- It will happen even if we have to push people out.
What is manifest destiny?
Webster-Ashburton Treaty

"American Progress" painting in 1872
What treaty did Polk sign to sort out ME?

What piece of art was this depicted in?
- Statue of liberty- Lady Liberty "Columbia" is spreading light towards W holding the Bible
- Native chased away
- Uses horses and wagons
- Miners, ranchers, cowboys
Telegraph, train
- Carrying the bible

- "American Progress" --> called progress due to the ideas of American Exceptionalism
- Like Winthrop's "city on a hill" ~ utopian example for others
- The American dream starts to develop and also fuels a desire to expand
What does the "American Progress" painting show? (literally and metaphorically)
- The Oregon dispute is resolved by an 1846 agreement that extends the US north at the 49th parallel (new northern border).
- Does not go for "55 40 or fight" but - Oregon trail brings people to territory.

- The joint British-US occupation ended in 1846.
What was the Oregon Dispute? (54 40 or fight!)

What did it end?
- The Mexican American war: finishes what Tyler started, annexes TX as a slave state (1846).
- Texas becomes an independent country for 10 years.
- 1846- US annexes (adds) Texas as a slave state. Mexico sees this as an act of war because TX promises not to join US but does, border disputes.

- Polk seeks CA AND sends Slidell down to smooth things out.
- Adds about the same about of land as the Louisiana purchase.
Lone Star Republic:
What happened in 1846?

What does Polk do to try to avoid war?
~ Fails- doesn't get CA, NM, AZ, and border becomes big. Dispute --> 1846 Polk sends Gen. Zach Taylor to the Rio Grande (disputed border) SO Mexico sees this as an invasion.
~ Mexico recognition of the Rio Grande Riveras the TX-US border.
~ US would forgive American citizens' claims against the Mexican gov.
~ US would purchase Texas, CA, AZ, and NM for $25 million.

Overall failure

The border
~ Uses this to ask congress to declare war --> yes --> part takes place in CA under John C. Fremont and part under Zach Taylor at Palo Alto + bombardment of Vera Cruz.
What did President James Polk do to try and avoid war with Mexico?

Successful?

What was the biggest issue overall?
~ 1846- President James Polk sends General Z. Taylor to the Rio Grande River (disputed territory).
~ Mexico moves army in to defend its land.

~ Polk claims that it is an act of war and fighting starts.
What actions did Mexico regard as an act of war?

How does this lead Polk to join the war?
June 14th, 1845

Pushes Mexico south

John Fremont
When did the Bear Flag Republic revolt occur?

What did it do to Mexico?

Who was involved? (an individual)
General Zachary Taylor
What famous general was present at Palo Alto and was called "Old Rough and Ready"?
(The treaty was basically forced on Mexico).
1. Mexico gave up claims to Texas above the Rio Grande River.
a. Mexico gave the US CA, AZ, and NM.
b. Called this the Mexican Cession.
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

2. US gave Mexico $15 million for that territory.

3. US agree to pay the claims of American citizens against Mexico (over $3.5 million)

4. US promises to protect the 80,000 Mexicans living in Texas and the Mexican Cession.
Explain the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, 1848 (4)
1. New generation of military leaders (Winfield Scott, Taylor) + obtain SW US

2. The war cost over $100 million and 18,000 American lives.

3. New territories were brought into the union which forced the explosive issue of SLAVERY to the center of national politics--> civil war. Brought in 1 million sq. Mi. Of land.

4. These new territories would upset the balance of power between the North and South.

5. Created 2 popular Whig Generals who ran for president.

6. Manifest Destiny is partially realized. (People flood to the west).
6 results of the Mexican war?
1848- Sutter's mill- gold discovery

1849- Gold Rush, mining towns grow + destroy the environment

1859- Nevada Silver Rush

1869- Tran-Continental Railroad
Oregon Trail and Gold Rush:
What happened in...
1848
1849
1859
1869
1. Westward expansion
2. Mining towns- destroyed environment, boomtowns, crime
What did the "gold fever" lead to? (2)
- Strip of land in southern NM and AZ
- Bought for southern transcontinental railroad
- $10 million
What was the Gadsden Purchase?
Anti= before
Bellum= war
America before the war
America before the civil war, after the era of good feelings

1820-1860
What does the term "Antebellum America" mean?

What time period does it include?
1. Panic in 1819 stimulated political activity as everyday people demanded the vote to hold politicians accountable.
a. Then, electors (in electoral college) were selected by the Senate; Now people are behind one party or the other.
b. People=mad, government try to compensate for this
c. 1819- bank closes, eliminate property qualifications so people could vote.

2. Eliminated property qualifications

3. 1820s-1840s northern states gradually removed suffrage from free blacks.
a. still racist despite being somewhat anti=slavery
b. by 1830 more people were able to vote if they paid their taxes.
c. 1824- first popular vote election--> closer to democratic republic
d. voter participation went up- 80% in 1840
Democracy in America:
What 3 things demonstrate this during the period 1820-1860?
1. White male
2. Party nominating committees
3. Parades, rallies, floats
4. 3rd
5. 1832
6. Empowered
7. Reaction to losses
Campaigning changes? (mid 1800s)
1. _____ _____ suffrage increased
2. _____ _____ _____ selected candidates
3. Popular campaigning~ _____, _____, _____; everyday people could experience politics
4. Rise of _____ parties
5. Rise of 2 party system returned in _____.
6. democracy increases --> people feel _____ when they go to the polls; people feel like they have a voice
7. Bad part of democracy?
Moving west
Crowded eastern cities --> people doing what?
Market Revolution- tied eastern industrial cities, western farms, and southern plantations together,

a. innovations in industry, agriculture, communications, transportation

b. cottage industries- make your own clothes

c. previously, grew own food

d. putting out system- before market revolution~ basically you became better at stuff and you could take order (ie. Shoemaker).

e. People came to the US from other countries for jobs, because of famine (Ireland), turmoil in Germany (authoritarian governments) --> population growth; 2.5 million in 1776, 32 million in 1860.

f. market revolution shows that we need jobs and a place for new people to live and work. Changed western life.
What was the Market Revolution?

What 6 things did it encompass?
Hamilton
The market revolution created an economy like the one what founding father wanted?
Market revolution changed the landscape of work: home --> factory --> more Americans to work

~ Changed work and leisure times: work regulated by clock
~ Standardization of time- railroads
~ Women worked in factories- cheaper, paid less
~ Nature of work changed: workers paid a wage based per hour instead of how much they produced; undermined freedom.
How did the market revolution change the landscape of work?
Power resided in an individual
Transcendentalists thought...
South= agriculture

North= industry

West= the tie breaker; splits over slavery; cities crowded --> west; slavery not allowed in parts of west. Market revolution made them more like the north.
What 3 regions did the Market Revolution tie together?
1. Irish
2. Germans
3. English
3 major immigrant groups? (1800s)
1. Potato famine
2. Eastern cities
3. Lower class labor jobs; no major skills (were farmers); replaced women
The Irish:
1. Reason for immigration to the US?
2. Where did they settle?
3. Work prior to the civil war?
1. Escape authorities
2. Rural America
3. Working as artisans; had some skills (unlike the generally unskilled Irish)
The Germans:
1. Reason for immigration to the US?
2. Where did they settle?
3. Work prior to the civil war?
1. Abundant natural resources
2. Population growth
3. Transportation revolt
4. Capital investment
5. Government support
6. Industrialization
6 major factors promoting economic growth between 1820 and 1860?
1. Acquisition of new territories; exploration and discovery

2. Provided raw materials and energy vital to economic transformation
Factors promoting Economic growth- 1820-1860~ abundant natural resources:

1. Important features?
2. Contribution to growth?
1. Increase from 9 million to over 30 million- due to natural increase; after 1840- rising immigration from Ireland and Germany

2. Provided workers and consumers; increased diversity of workforce with different know-how.
Factors promoting Economic growth- 1820-1860~ population growth:

1. Important features?
2. Contribution to growth?
1.
~ Roads- turnpike~ toll road- created because of dirt road divots
~ Improvement of roads, steamboats, canal buildings, railroad construction

2. Facilitated movement of people, goods, and information; drew people into national markets; stimulated agriculture expansion; regional crop specialization; decreased shipping costs, strengthened regional ties.
Factors promoting Economic growth- 1820-1860~ transportation revolt (roads, canals, railroads):

1. Important features?
2. Contribution to growth?
1.
~ People have extra $ -> growth
~ Investments by Europeans and US interests; mercantile capital; banks, insurance companies.

2. Provided capital to support new economic enterprises and transportation.
Factors promoting Economic growth- 1820-1860~ capital investment:

1. Important features?
2. Contribution to growth?
1. Legislation, court rulings favoring businesses; land sales

2. Provided capital, privilege, and support for business
Factors promoting Economic growth- 1820-1860~ government support:

1. Important features?
2. Contribution to growth?
1. New methods of producing goods.

2. Produce more numerous, cheaper, faster, more efficiently for mass market; created working class; provided individual opportunity.
Factors promoting Economic growth- 1820-1860~ industrialization:

1. Important features?
2. Contribution to growth?
No because they are already wealthy from slavery and farming.
Are the 6 ways to promote economic growth (Abundant natural resources, population growth, transportation revolt, capital investment, government support, and industrialization) occurring in the south?

Why or why not?
Erie canal --> more people working --> communication and market participation --> rise of democracy

~ Cost of trade/direction of trade
~ Settlement of NW
~ NYC
~ Upstate NY- ready for industrial goods
~ Canal boom --> trade patterns
Explain the significance of the Erie Canal:
(transportation revolution)
After the civil war
When was the railroad boom?
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