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Adolescent Test 1

Terms in this set (41)

Puberty
increases in abstract, idealistic, and logical thinking; and a quest for independence
Hormones
powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream
Androgens
the main class of male sex hormones
Estrogen
he main class of female sex hormones
Glands of the endocrine system
Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Thyroid, Adrenal, and the gonads and sex glands
Secular Trends
patterns of the onset of puberty over historical time, especially across generations
Body image of males and females
-girls often become more dissatisfied with their bodies, probably because their body fat increases
-boys become more satisfied as they move through puberty, probably because their muscle mass increases
Effect of androgen on males?
higher levels of androgen may lead to violent behavior
Effect of estrogen on females?
higher levels of estrogen may lead to depression
Evolutionary Psychology
emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" in explaining behavior
Chromosomes
he threadlike structures that contain DNA; located in the nucleus
DNA
a complex molecule that contains genetic information
Epigenetic View
emphasizes that development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and the environment
Phenotype
The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
G. Stanley Hall's Storm-and-Stress view
attributed with the beginnings of the scientific study of adolescence; Adolescence is a turbulent time charged with conflict and mood swings
Millennials
the generation born after 1980; the first to come of age and enter emerging adulthood in the new millennium
Sterotype
a generalization that reflects our impressions and beliefs about a broad category of people
5 C's of Positive Youth Development
• Competence
• Confidence
• Connection
• Character
•Caring/
compassion
Context
settings—influenced by historical, economic, social, and cultural factors—in which development occurs
Global Perspective
adolescence is affected by many factors including globalization, technology, culture, religion, and family dynamic creating unique adolescents
Development
the pattern of change that begins at conception and continues through the life span
Biological processes
physical changes in an individual's body
Cognitive processes
changes in an individual's thinking and intelligence
Socioemotional processes
changes in an individual's emotions, personality, relationships with others, and social contexts
Period of development in childhood
• Prenatal period: the time from conception to birth
• Infancy: birth to 18 or 24 months of age
• Early childhood: the end of infancy to about 5 or 6 years of age
• Middle and late childhood: from the age of about 6 to 10 or 11 years of age
Emerging adulthood
the transition from adolescence to adulthood has been referred
Erickson's stages of emotional development
-Integrity versus despair Late adulthood (60s onward)
-Generativity versus stagnation Middle adulthood (40s, 50s)
-Intimacy versus isolation Early adulthood (20s, 30s)
-Identity versus confusion Adolescence (10-20 years)
-Industry versus inferiority Middle and late childhood (elementary school years, 6 years to puberty)
-Initiative versus guilt Early childhood (preschool years, 3-5 years)
-Autonomy versus shame and doubt Infancy (1-3 years)
-Trust versus mistrust Infancy (first year)
Neuron
nerve cells, are the nervous system's basic units
Myelination
the axon portion of a neuron becomes covered and insulated with a layer of fat cells (called the myelin sheath), increasing the speed and efficiency of information processing in the nervous system
Corpus Callousum
These nerve fibers connect the brain's two hemispheres; they thicken in adolescence to process information more effectively.
Prefrontal Cortex
This "judgment" region reins in intense emotions but doesn't finish developing until at least emerging adulthood
Formal Operations
Piaget's fourth and final stage of cognitive development, emerging at 11-15 years of age; thought is more abstract, idealistic, and full of possibilities
Postformal thought
• Reflective, relativistic, and contextual
• Provisional
• Realistic
• Recognized as being influenced by emotion
Wisdom
expert knowledge about the practical aspects of life that permits excellent judgment about important matters
Selective attention
focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring others
Executive functioning
planning actions, allocating attention to goals, detecting and compensating for errors, monitoring progress on tasks, and dealing with novel or difficult circumstances
Intelligence
the ability to solve problems and to adapt and learn from everyday experiences
Adolescent egocentrism
the heightened self-consciousness of adolescents, which is reflected in their belief that others are as interested in them as they are themselves, and in their sense of personal uniqueness and invulnerability
Stanford-Benet IQ Test average IQ
consisted of 30 questions on topics ranging from the ability to touch one's ear to the ability to draw designs from memory and define abstract concepts; gathers one's mental age and IQ; has many revisions
Intelligence quotient (IQ)
a person's mental age divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100
Metacognition
cognition about cognition, or "knowing about knowing"
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