Home
Subjects
Textbook solutions
Create
Study sets, textbooks, questions
Log in
Sign up
Upgrade to remove ads
Only $35.99/year
L13- Vaccines
STUDY
Flashcards
Learn
Write
Spell
Test
PLAY
Match
Gravity
Terms in this set (61)
the ideal vaccine eliminates _ , where person harbors and transmits infection but do not have disease/are asymptomatci
carrier state
idea of _ states that we can stop transmission of pathogen via vaccination of a large enough % of indivbifuals
herd immunity
% needed to achieve herd immunity depends on _ of the pathogen in question
attack rate
_ of a pathogen is the number of infected people relative to the number of people exposed to it
attack rate
measles has a high _ and therefore requires an increased % of vaccinated/immune individuals to slow down transmission of disease
attack rate
3 categories of whole organism vaccines
killed, attenuated, heterologous
6 categories of subunit or purified macromolecule vaccines
toxoid, polysaccharide, subvirion, recombinant, recombinant vector, nucleic acid
in _ vaccines, target pathogen is killed/inactivated by physical or chemical means so that it can no longer replicate in host
killed/inactivated
_ vaccines are processed differently by host and therefore may lead to immune response that is either not protective or potentially harmful- IR may not be protective
killed/inactivated
initial measles vaccine was a _ vaccine and in a small % of people immunized induced a severe exacerbated form of measles encephalitis upon exposure to wild type measles virus
killed/inactivated
_ vaccines are stable and do not require "cold chain"; generate Ab that is sufficient to provide protection and are safe for immunocompromised and pregnant individuals
killed/inactivated
_ vaccines can be weakly immunogenic and require multiple boosters; are processed primarily as exogenous antigen and elicit predominantly Th2 response
killed/inactivated
_ vaccines use living organisms that have been treated/cultured so they lose their virulence but retain ability to undergo limited replication within host
live attenuated
disease-producing ability of pathogen
virulence factor
_ vaccines are processed by both endogenous and exogenous antigen processsing pathways and therefore induce both humoral and cell-mediated IR
live attenuated
_ vaccines elicit sustained immune response similar to infection with parent pathogen; minimizes need for booster
live attenuated
_ vaccines are not very stable; can die when not properly handled/stored; "cold chain" is required
live attenuated
_ vaccines can revert to virulent form if given to immunocompromised individuals because it takes them longer to initiate immune response against vaccine components
live attenuated
live attenuated vaccines are attenuated by prolonged growth in cells of a species that is _ to pathogen; organism adapt to new host and loses its _ in human hosts
unresponsive, virulence
the main theory behind _ in forming live attenuated vaccine is that if a pathogen virulence isn't necessary for survival in vitro, it will eventually evolve into non-virulent form by eliminating genes for virulence it no longer needs
culture attenuation
one way of making _ vaccines is to adapt organism to lower temps so that they are unable to survive in human host body temps
live attenuated
one way to create _ vaccines is to use DNA recombination to "knock-out" virulence gene
live attenuated
_ vaccines are a type of live vaccine where pathogen is introduced in order to provide protection against a different one; vaccines are pathogens of other animals that either do not cause disease in humans or cause mild disease in organism being treated
heterologous
example of a _ vaccine is how the smallpox vaccine is derived from a closely related virus called the vaccinia virus- enough antigenic similarity between them that vaccinia provides protection against smallpox
heterologous
advantage of a live whole cell vaccine over a killed vaccine is:
- can administer to immunocompromised
- more stable
- induced humoral and CMI
- reverts back to virulent form
- all of the above
induced humoral and CMI
_ vaccine is made by purifying and inactivating virulence factor of a pathogen that eliminates the toxicity of molecule but maintains its immunogenicity
toxoid
capsular _ often make bacteria challenging for immune system to attack the microbe
polysaccharides
goal of _ vaccines is to increase antibodies against polysaccharide antigens of bacteria
polysaccharide
make _ vaccines by taking encapsulated bacteria, removing the capsule, then separate and purifying the capsule
polysaccharide
example of a _ vaccine is when influenza vaccines are treated with lipid solvents to remove envelope; this results in exposure of its inner components (split vaccine)
subvirion
_ vaccines purify proteins from a virus by exposing them to a detergent that removes their envelopes
subvirion
to make _ vaccines, genes encoding for antigen that elicit sterilizing/protective immunity are cloned into microbes (gene expression vectors) that produce the antigens in large quantities in culture; this antigen is purified and used in vaccine
recombinant
_ vaccines use molecular biology to produce proteins from the pathogen; basically confer shell of pathogen without any genetic material inside it into the host to generate protective IR
recombinant
_ vaccines use molecular biology to place virulent gene from 1 pathogen into an avirulent microbe that gest injected into host
recombinant vector
in _ vaccines, genes encoding for antigens that elicit protective immune get cloned into an avirulent or attenuated virus or bacterial vector; when vector infects host, cloned genes are translated and processed both endogenously and exogenously
recombinant vector
recombinant vector vaccines can be virulent and potentially fatal in _ individuals
immunosuppressed
_ vaccines utilize injection of NA encoding promoter and antigenic sequence into host cells; gets transcribed/translated into proteins that elicit CMI and humoral responses
naked nucleic acid-based
patient has been infected with c.tetani that causes tetanus. to avoid patient getting sick again, immunize them with:
- tetanus toxin
- heat-killed c.tetani
- tetanus toxoid
- tetanus-specific IgG
tetanus toxoid
the non-toxic version of a toxin
toxoid
the number of potential genera, species, or strains to which a vaccine can respond
valency
if a vaccine targets 1 pathogen, _ is the number of antigenic components of that pathogen contained in the vaccine
valency
MMR vaccine is _-valent
tri
chemical agent that enhances normal immune response
adjuvant
most adjuvants approved for human use contain _
alum
most _ focus a prolonged immune response by restricted antigen dispersion in vivo and forming "depot" of antigen at injection site
adjuvants
3 physical methods to create killed or toxoid vaccines
heat, UV, gamma-irradiation
adjuvants focus immune response by restricting Ag dispersion via the _ effect
depot
chemical that cross-links amino and amide groups of proteins, conserves structural integrity but may destroy antigenic integrity; used to make toxoids
formalin
chemical used to kill pathogens for vaccines that cross-links NA chains and therefore kills without affecting antigenic structure of molecule
beta-propiolactone
3 preservatives that can be used to make killed or toxoid vaccines
benzalkonium chloride, formaldehyde, thimerosal
preservative that is effective in killing broad spectrum of bacteria and rarely causes allergies; blocks bacterial ability to grow; used when sterile technique is not perfect during vaccine production process
2-PE
antibacterial antibiotic used during vaccine production that is normally applied topically
neomycin
most common documented problem with thimerosal
allergies
MMR vaccine induces _ immunity
CMI and humoral
compromised individuals include people with _ or _ disease, chronic disease such as _, people without a _, people with chronic _ disease, or _
CV, pulmonary, DM, spleen, liver, alcoholics
day care and healthcare workers, animal handlers, military are _ populations due to their occupation
at-risk
_ vaccines are contraindicated in people with severe asthma or allergies
live attenuated
_ vaccines are contraindicated in pregnancy
live attenuated
_ vaccines are contraindicated if patient currently has infection/disease or febrile illness
live attenuated
live attenuated vaccine is contraindicated if patient has recently received _ administration
Ig
patient is pregnant and her shots are not "up to date" . which type of vaccine should you give to her?
- live attenuated
- toxin-based macromolecule vaccine
- inactivated vaccine
- heterologous vaccine
inactivated vaccine
Sets found in the same folder
L9- B cells
133 terms
L10- Inflammation
121 terms
L11- Inflammatory Response to Infection
195 terms
L12- Antibody Preparations
107 terms
Other sets by this creator
L8- Common Endocrine Procedures
123 terms
L8- Misc Abx
83 terms
L30- Bloodstream Infections and Infective Endocard…
61 terms
L7- Wound Care
153 terms