Bio Chapter 4

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What are the six most important chemical elements of life?

A)Carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen, iron, magnesium
B)Carbon, nitrogen, calcium, oxygen, phosphate, iron
C)Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, phosphate, hydrogen
D)Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfur

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D)Carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphate, sulfur

Using modern equipment, a former graduate student of Stanley Miller recently reanalyzed the sample results of volcano simulation experiments that Miller conducted along with his classic experiment described in the text. This reanalysis did which of the following?

A)Revealed the formation of the same amino acids that Miller initially observed but in a more purified form
B)Contradicted Miller's earlier experimental results and provided more support for an undefined life force as the way organic molecules are made in nature
C)Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller
D)Greatly expanded Miller's earlier findings by uncovering the traces of cell-like entities being formed in the volcano simulation experiments

Identified additional organic compounds that had not been found by Miller

Stanley Miller's experiments were significant because he demonstrated that __________.
A)lightning discharges could produce the molecules previously presumed to have originated in volcanic outgassings
B)a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere
C)the behavior of any molecule containing a carbon atom was fundamentally the same
D)organic molecules can be synthesized only by living organisms

a variety of simple organic compounds could be spontaneously synthesized from components in Earth's primitive atmosphere

Which of the following is an organic molecule?
A)Ne
B)NaCl
C)CH4
D)O2

CH4

What is the three-dimensional shape created by hybrid orbitals that are formed when a carbon atom is covalently bonded with four other atoms?
A)A triangle with carbon in the center
B)A flat sheet with carbon in the center
C)A tetrahedron with carbon in the center
D)All of the listed responses are possible.

A tetrahedron with carbon in the center

A pharmaceutical company was forced to recall a pain reliever medication that had been linked to the fatalities of several hundred people. Analysis of the recalled drug revealed the presence of two isomers due to an asymmetrical carbon atom in the drug molecule. What can be hypothesized from this observation?

A)The two isomers of the drug contain different functional groups, and the isomer with the aberrant functional group is connected to the fatalities.
B)The asymmetrical carbon causes the solubility of the two drug isomers to vary significantly, thus having different chemical properties and effects on people who take them.
C)The double bond involving the asymmetrical carbon can generate cis-trans isomers that typically have different chemical properties, thus accounting for the drug's toxic properties.
D)The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans.

The isomers are enantiomers, with one having toxic effects on humans.

A straight-chain carbon compound constructed from __________ must contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond.

A)8 hydrogen atoms, 3 carbon atoms, and 3 oxygen atoms
B)6 hydrogen atoms and 3 carbon atoms
C)6 hydrogen atoms and 2 carbon atoms
D)6 hydrogen atoms, 2 carbon atoms, and 1 oxygen atom

6 hydrogen atoms and 3 carbon atoms

What is the reason carbon atoms are the most versatile building blocks of the molecules used by living organisms?

A)Carbon is the central atom of carbon dioxide, a necessary molecule for photosynthesis.
B)Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.
C)Carbon is the central atom in urea, a molecule used by many living organisms to transport wastes from the body.
D)All of the listed responses are correct.

Each carbon atom acts as an intersection point from which a molecule can branch off in up to four directions.

The carbon atom possesses __________ valence electron(s).

A)2
B)4
C)3
D)1

Which of the following are properties of hydrocarbons?

A)Hydrophilic, good source of stored energy, consisting primarily of carbon and hydrogen
B)Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy
C)Hydrophilic, containing numerous carboxyl groups, nonpolar
D)Hydrophobic, polar, charged

Hydrophobic, nonpolar, good source of stored energy

A molecule has one carbon-carbon double bond and four monovalent atoms or groups. How many different cis-trans isomers exist for this molecule? A)two B)None C)Six D)FourTWOPharmaceutical companies are selling billions of dollars' worth of single-enantiomer drugs. Why might it be important to use only one form of an enantiomer? A)The left-handed version of the enantiomer is always the effective one. B)One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic. C)It is cheaper to manufacture only one of the enantiomers. D)it is not important. Both enantiomers will be equally effective.One enantiomer may provide an effective treatment whereas the other may be ineffective or even toxic.Which of the following functional groups is present in all amino acids? A)-OH B)-COH C)-SH D)-NH2-NH2Which of these is found in all amino acids? A)—COOH B)—OH C)both —COOH and —NH2 D)—COHboth —COOH and —NH2Ethanol, propanol, and methanol are three simple alcohols. They can be grouped together because they __________. A)share the same functional group: a hydroxyl B)are hydrophobic C)are soluble in water D)all contain a carbonyl groupshare the same functional group: a hydroxylWhich of the following molecules has a carboxyl functional group? A)R—OPO3-2 B)R—COOH C)R—COH D)R—NH2R—COOHWhich of the following functional groups increases the solubility of organic compounds in water? A)—OH B)—COOH C)—COH D)All of the listed responses are correct.All of the listed responses are correct.Which of the following examples best describes a unique functional property of the carboxyl group?\ A)Two carboxyl groups can bond covalently to help stabilize protein structure. B)Its compounds may be structural isomers with different properties. C)The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly. D)It is polar as a result of the electronegative oxygen atom drawing electrons toward it.The covalent bond between oxygen and hydrogen is so polar that hydrogen ions tend to dissociate from oxygen reversibly.Which of the following functional groups is associated with a release of energy when removed from the carbon skeleton with water? A)Hydroxyl group B)Sulfhydryl group C)Amino group D)Phosphate groupPhosphate groupWhich functional group would you predict is part of abscisic acid? A)Carbonyl group B)Carboxyl group C)Amino group D)Hydroxyl groupCarboxyl groupWhich of the following groups is capable of hydrogen bonding with an oxygen atom on another functional group? A)Carboxyl group B)Amino group C)Hydroxyl group D)All of the listed responses are correct.All of the listed responses are correct.Which of these is a thiol? A)—COH B)—OH C)—SH D)None of the listed responses is correct.None of the listed responses is correct.What is ATP's importance in the cell? A)ATP contains a long hydrocarbon tail and is important in storing energy. B)ATP can add phosphate groups, thereby releasing energy that can be used in cellular processes. C)ATP stores energy in carbonyl groups. When a carbonyl group is removed, energy is released to be used in cellular processes. D)ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.ATP stores the potential to react with water, thereby removing a phosphate group and releasing energy for cellular processes.