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Intro Soc

Terms in this set (70)

The sociological perspective that analyzes power and competition over resources is known as ___________.
Conflict theory
Which of Durkheim's concepts best describes a small town in which members of the community all know each other and work together for a common purpose?
Mechanical solidarity
Which theorist is most closely associated with functionalist theory?
Emile Durkheim
Social norms are a form of ___________, according to Durkheim.
Integration
Regulation
Du Bois argued that African Americans experienced a ___________ because they were simultaneously aware of their own perspective and the perspective of the majority.
Double consciousness
Which theorist argued that race was a central organizing factor of society?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Which theorist was critical of capitalism and saw it as a source of exploitation and alienation?
Karl Marx
Marx theorized class conflict between 2 groups: the _________ (i.e. working class) and the ________ (i.e. those who owned the means of production).
Proletariat; bourgeoisie
Which of these represents an economic system based on profit and private ownership?
Capitalism
Weber argued that sociologists should take a(n) _______ approach by making sense of the meanings people share and ascribe to their actions.
Interpretive
Which of these was NOT a consequence of the Industrial Revolution?
Families became more self-sufficient
Which of these is an example of something a sociologist might study?
Family, Gender, Migration
When you think about your personal experience in relation to social forces that influence our lives, you are using your __________ .
Sociological imagination
Psychologists are more focused on ________ processes among individuals, whereas sociologists are more focused on _______ processes and groups.
Internal; external
What is C. Wright Mills famous for?
Coining the term "sociological imagination"
Who coined the term "sociology"?
Auguste Comte
What does it mean to say that sociology is a "social science"?
Sociologists follow strict methodological standards to formulate research questions, collect data, analyze data, and draw conclusions
Which of these fields of study is focused on how cost-benefit ratios influence behavior?
Economics
Which of these is a TRUE description of sociology?
It is the study of how societies are organized and how the organization of a society influences the behavior of people living in it.

It is a social science that examines how individuals shape and are shaped by society.
It is a social science that seeks to understand and address social problems.
The technological advancement of machinery and steam power in the mid 18th to 19th century that led to major economic and social change is best known as:
The Industrial Revolution
Economists have generally explained behavior by focusing on:
The costs and benefits people believe will come from the action
Which of the following factors helped lead to the emergence of sociology as a discipline?
The increase in the global population

The rapid growth of cities

Widespread changes in the economy
The Industrial Revolution led to rapid improvements in the quality of life in cities. True or False?
False
Which of the following are true regarding group behavior?
NOT: Violence breaks out when crowds grow large enough that individuals think they have a low chance of getting caught
Which of the following is true about city life?
It makes people more dependent on others for their daily needs
Which scholar placed the most emphasis on the individual?
Max Weber
Which scholar placed the most emphasis on struggles between groups?
Karl Marx
Which scholar argued that sociologists must use data to understand society?
Emile Durkheim
Which scholar founded the field of social work?
Jane Addams
Which of the following scholars emphasized the importance of race in modern society?
W.E.B. Du Bois
Which of these ethical violation examples involved withholding medicine from Black patients without their knowledge?
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
The ethical principle of __________ means that participants have to freely choose to participate in a study.
Voluntary Participation
When approaching a potential participant, a researcher must obtain ______________ by ensuring that the participant understands the risks and potential benefits of the study.
Informed consent
CJ Pascoe spent time in high school settings, observing how boys interacted with each other and expressed homophobia. What method did CJ Pascoe use?
Participant observation
Which of these is NOT an ethical guideline for sociological research?
Researchers must not interact directly with participants.
Judy wants to know how many sexual partners the average heterosexual man has had. What type of research is Judy conducting?
Quantitative
Which of these methods does not typically involve human subjects?
Content Analysis
Which of these methodologies is conducted in a controlled environment where researchers can test how participants react to changing a single characteristic?
Experiment
The U.S. Census is an example of _________ because it is a series of questions that people answer, allowing researchers to identify patterns among responses.
A survey
Sociological research is not based on data; instead researchers use their own opinions and past experiences in their analysis.
False
Dr. Goldberg hypothesized that married men will have higher incomes than unmarried women. What is the dependent variable in this hypothesis?
Income
Dr. Allen wants to know if LGBTQ+ adults in the United States have adopted more children since marriage equality became legal nationwide. What is the population in this scenario?
All LGBTQ+ adults in the US
Dr. Biblarz found that people who drink coffee are more likely to suffer from lung cancer. Instead of assuming coffee causes lung cancer, he sought alternative explanations and found that people who drink coffee are also more likely to smoke. Which of these terms describes the relationship between drinking coffee and lung cancer?
Spurious correlation
"Does offering free housing increase employment among the homeless?" is an example of a(n) ___________.
Research question
"Correlation does not equal __________."
Causation
What is "confirmation bias"?
the psychological tendency to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe
Research questions are designed to test the researcher's opinion.
False
Mirabel wants to know if her sister's strength is decreasing over time, so she asks her to lift a series of weights to measure her strength. By figuring out how to turn "strength" into a measurable variable, Mirabel is engaging in what process?
Operationalization
Which of these sampling methods generates data that sociologists can generalize to the larger population?
Random sample
Which of these steps comes FIRST in the research process?
Choose a research question
Which of the following is NOT an accepted guideline for ethical research?
Participants must be paid fairly for their time
Why do scientists try to find evidence that our conclusions are wrong?
-Because we can never be certain our claims are correct
-Because it helps us have more confidence that our conclusions must be correct
-To help us identify other possible causes for what we observed
(All the above)
Which method involves carefully controlling the environment in order to study a characteristic?
Experiment
A researcher collects existing medical records from a mental health clinic and studies them to see how doctors describe the symptoms of patients. They are especially interested in the language doctors use for male patients compared to female patients. Which research method best describes this study?
Content analysis
To draw a random sample, every member of the population must have a chance of being selected. True or False?
True
Jenny is conducting a research study. She suspects that people become more depressed when they are unemployed. In this study, which factor is the independent variable?
Unemployment
A hypothesis generally focuses on a broad, general statement. True or False?
False
A sociologist wants to study bullying in school. To measure bullying, she asks a series of questions, such as how often the person is pushed in the halls, made fun of in front of others, or harassed online. This process of taking the idea of bullying and turning it into specific questions is an example of:
Operationalization
The owner of a clothing store wants to find out how satisfied customers are with her products. To find out, she sends a follow-up survey to some of the customers who came in last month. The customers who receive the survey are her:
Sample
In a study of attitudes about sexual behavior, you notice that teens tend to give different answers when they are interviewed alone than when they are interviewed in front of friends. Which of the following is most likely an issue with your study?
Social desirability bias
A social space in which relations between people in common positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction is best known as a __________.
Social institution
Alma lives in a small town and attends church regularly. Through her interactions with others at her church, she has gained social support, a sense of identity, and a sense of purpose. In this scenario, the people at Alma's church can be best described as a social ___________.
Group
The way society is organized (i.e. the boundaries in place that we all must navigate) is known as:
Social structure
As a student athlete, Stacy is expected to maintain high grades while also practicing and competing 5 days a week. Which of these terms best describes was Stacy is experiencing?
Role conflict
You might encounter very different life chances based on your status.
True
Which of these is NOT an example of a social institution?
Family
Education
Labor
(all the above)
Which of the following is TRUE about resources?
-They can help us navigate social structure
-They refer to anything that has value or can help you accomplish a goal
- they can sometimes be ascribed to you (e.g. gender, race, age, etc.)
(All of these are true)
Which of the following is NOT an example of an achieved status?
A person's ethnicity
Which of these is TRUE about social hierarchies?
They are reproduced through institutions with minimal effort from individuals
What type of status is assigned to a person, regardless of their own talent or efforts?
Ascribed status
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