BIOL242-Diversity of Life Exam 1 study

To determine the role of a native starfish species in a coastal ecosystem, zoologist Robert Paine removed starfish from some intertidal pools and not others. He then observed how the community changed in response to the loss of starfish by comparing the diversity of the community in the pools where starfish had been removed to the diversity in pools where he had let the starfish remain.
By removing starfish from some pools, what global change driver was Robert Paine investigating?
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To determine the role of a native starfish species in a coastal ecosystem, zoologist Robert Paine removed starfish from some intertidal pools and not others. He then observed how the community changed in response to the loss of starfish by comparing the diversity of the community in the pools where starfish had been removed to the diversity in pools where he had let the starfish remain.
By removing starfish from some pools, what global change driver was Robert Paine investigating?
Overexploitation
When crop fields are not being used in the current growing season, farmers plant cover crops instead, like vetch, rye and clover, to prevent erosion of the topsoil. Cover crops grow quickly, and their roots provide a scaffolding to hold most of the soil in place, even in heavy rain. In this way, cover crops maintain the amount of soil in an area and limit the amount of nutrients that runoff from fields into neighboring waterways. What type of ecosystem service are these cover crops providing?
Regulating Service
A description of an invasive species should include what characteristics?
nonnative, causes damage,
To prevent pests from eating his crops, a farmer applies a synthetic insecticide to his fields. A synthetic insecticide is a chemical made by humans that kills insects. It rains the next day, and some of this insecticide ends up in a stream near the fields. Some stream insects that aren't agricultural pests are killed. What kind of pollution has occurred in the stream?
Environment toxin
A bird eats sunflower seeds from a bird feeder on a snowy day. Of the 1000 J of energy that was in the consumed seeds, the bird stored 10 J of energy in its body, eliminated 150 J of energy in its waste, and used the remaining energy to respire. What is the production efficiency of this bird?
Useful equation: PE = Pn/An x 100
first take 1000-150= 850
next 10/850= 0.012
finally 0.012(100%)= 1.2% efficiency
What processes creates a soluble form of nitrogen that plants can take up from the soil?
Nitrification, ammonification, and nitrogen fixation
How should one remove habitat if they want to simulate further habitat fragmentation?
Remove habitat from inside each piece of land
List 3 greenhouse gases
carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor
Some bicolored antbirds (Gymnopithys bicolor) follow a swarm of army ants. As the ants hunt insects and other small animals on the forest floor, the antbirds follow and consume any prey that are exposed after fleeing from the army ants. This interaction between the birds and the ants is an example of ________________.
commensalism
A researcher was studying two barnacle species (Cthalamus stellatus and Semibalanus balanoides) living on rocks along the coast of Scotland (shown below). The researcher removed all the Semibalanus barnacles from a section of rocks, and then recorded changes in the distribution of Cthalamus barnacles. After the removal of Semibalanus, Chthalamus barnacles spread into the region formerly occupied by Semibalanus.
What is a valid conclusion of this experiment?
The removal of Semibalanus shows that competitive exclusion prevented Chthamalus from occupying the lower tide region of its fundamental niche
As a population size approaches (i.e. is almost equal to) carrying capacity for a certain population, which of the following outcomes is predicted by the logistic growth equation?The population growth rate will approach zeroA population of 8000 bison has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.07 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.04. Estimate the total number of individuals in the population after one year of time has passed.first 0.07-0.04= 0.03 then 8000(0.03)=240 finally: 8000+240=8240A field of Cahaba lilies (Hymenocallis coronaria) growing in the Cahaba River currently has 5000 individuals and a per capita growth rate of 0.3 individuals/month/individual. The river cannot support more than 6000 Cahaba lilies. How many Cahaba lilies are in the population next month?first use delta N/ delta T= rate N[(K-N)/K] then 0.3 [(6000-5000)/6000](5000) next G= 0.05(5000)= 250 finally 5000+250= 5250A population of 2000 nudibranchs on a coral reef experiences 800 births and 750 deaths. What is r (the intrinsic rate of increase) for this population?first 800-750= 50 then 50/2000= 0.025 or 0.03A group of acarologists recorded 6,723 black-legged ticks (Ixodes scapularis) per acre in one patch of forest, and 329 black-legged ticks per acre in another patch of forest. What were the acarologists comparing?densityAs a decomposer population grows, what will become scarce in the river?OxygenWhat is ammonia broken down into?NitrogenWhat is the largest reservoir for carbon?rocks and soilWhat is the largest reservoir for nitrogen?AtmosphereWhat process moves water from plants back to the atmosphere?transpirationWhat process moves nitrogen from the atmosphere to biota?FixationWhat process moves carbon from the biota to rocks and soil?DecompositionWhat could be responsible for the slow decomposition rates observed in desert ecosystems?low water and nutrient availability in sandy soilWhat is responsible for high decomposition rates observed in the rainforest?high temp during the dayUsing an organism to remove a toxin from an ecosystems soil or waterways is calledbioremediationIf the population of 150 squirrels at UofL has 15 births this year, what is the per capita birth rate?15/150= 0.01 squirrel/yr/squirrelIf the population of 150 squirrels at UofL has 10 deaths this year, what is per capita death rate?10/150= 0.067 squirrels/yr/squirrelWhen birth rates are less than death rates, the population will _______shrinkFind the intrinsic rate of increase for the squirrel population when there are 150 squirrels in the population, 15 births per year, and 10 deaths per year15-10= 5 5/150=0.03 squirrels/ yr/ squirrelWhat is the growth increment of squirrels? (150 squirrels, 10 deaths, 15 births)15-10= 5 5/150=0.03 0.03(150)= 4.5 squirrels/ yearIs the growth increment of squirrels is 4.5, how many squirrels will there be in a year? (currently 150 total squirrels and carrying capacity of 175)first 175-150=25 then 25/ 175= 0.143 finally 0.143(4.5)= 0.64 squirrels/yrWhat density dependent factors effect population growth?Predation, limited food, diseaseBedbugs reproduce sexually. In an infested room with a 4 m2 dorm bed, biology students find a population of 1200 bed bugs. In one month, they find that 240 bedbugs die, and 600 new bedbugs hatch. The maximum number of bedbugs is limited by the size of the bed that they live in. What is the density of bedbugs in the dorm bed studied by the biology students?1200/4= 300 bedbugs/m^2Organism with nucleus and cell wall is _____EukaryaOrganism with compound called peptidoglycan in its cell wall belongs to the ________ domainBacteriaList class of organisms from largest to smallestdomain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, speciesWhat is the difference between biological ecosystem and biological community?ecosystem- all biotic and abiotic elements in an area community- al organisms that inhabit an arealist exploration interactions:Predation, herbivory, parasitismexample of mechanical defensethornsexample chemical defensetoxin in some plantsexample of aposematic colorationpoison dart frogexample of cryptic colorationa "walking stick" insect that resembles a twigExample of Bayesian mimicryfly with striped abdomen like a bee'sexample of mullein mimicrytart tasting bugsDefine species richnessthe number of species in a communityDefine species evennessrelative abundance of species in a communityDefine species diversityThe number and variety of species in a community or ecosystemWhat process moves carbon from the atmosphere into biota?PhotosynthesisProcess converts nitrogen to forms that plants can useNitrogen FixationWhen you count the number of species in an area, you are quantifying ______species richnessWhen 2 species do overlap in niche space significantly, one may force the other out the the community. This outcome of competition is called ________niche partitioningDefine analogySimilarity between two species that is due to convergent evolution rather than to descent from a common ancestor with the same trait.Define homologysimilarity resulting from common ancestryGreen strand that doesn't have membrane bound nucleus or organelle and cell wall contains peptodoglycana gram positive bacteriumDefine chemoheterotrophsuse organic compounds for both energy and carbonDefine chemoautotrophmake organic carbon molecules from carbon dioxide, but don't require light as a source of energy, use energy directly from chemical reactionsDefine photoheterotrophsacquire energy from light and acquire nutrients via catabolism of organic compoundsDefine photoautotrophcapable of synthesizing their own food from inorganic substances using light as an energy sourceDefine obligate anaerobeOrganisms that can't live in the presence of oxygen.Define obligate aerobesOrganism requires oxygen to growDefine facultative anaerobecan survive with or without oxygenDefine aerotolerant anaerobesdo not use aerobic metabolism, but can tolerate oxygen because they have some of the enzymes that detoxify oxygen's poisonous forms