Motor Behavior

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of motor learning?
- Can be observed directly
-Occurs as a direct result of practice
-Is assumed to produce relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
-Is the process of acquiring a capability for producing skilled actions
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Terms in this set (64)
Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics of motor learning?
- Can be observed directly
-Occurs as a direct result of practice
-Is assumed to produce relatively permanent changes in the capability for skilled behavior
-Is the process of acquiring a capability for producing skilled actions
can be observed directly
Which of the following is the best example of a closed serial motor skill?
Triple jump
Wrestling takedown
Basketball jump shot
Volleyball overhand serve
triple jump
Locomotor skills cannot be developed separately from
Stability
Fundamental motor skills
Abilities
Cognitive skills
stability
A person's abilities are shaped by which of the following factors?
biological
physiological
environmental
All of these factors shape a person's abilities
All of these factors shape a persons abilities
The challenge the nervous system faces to correctly time and sequence of the movement is termed _____________________.
Perceptual-motor integration problem
Serial order problem
Degrees of freedom problem
serial order problem
Which of the following terms is best defined as the fixed transitions or order of progressions that enable a person to progress to higher levels of function?
Aging
Development
Maturation
Physical growth
maturation
Which of the following is the best approach to teaching a motor skill based on single dimensional taxonomies?
Breakdown discrete skills into parts
Breakdown continuous skills into parts
Teach gross skills before fine skills
Teach open skills before closed skills
Teach gross skills before fine skills
In biomechanics, degrees of freedom refer to the motions that can occur at each joint. In motor behavior, degrees of freedom are the number of independent elements that must be constrained to produce coordinated motion. These include the motions at the joint level, but also includes other independent elements. Identify at least one degree of freedom other than just joint level motion
Muscle, motor units
Explain the difference between motor skills and motor abilities
motor skills are completing a task at a high standard with the combined ability and knowledge skills.

motor ability is a person's traits and characteristics that improve those motor skills with more accuracy
The type of memory that performs an active role, including temporarily storing recently presented material, making decisions, and producing movements is best termed.

Working memory
Long-term memory
Short-term memory
Working memory
Which of these provides an indication of the speed at which one makes a decision? movement time response time reaction time psychological refractory periodReaction timeWhich of the following sensory receptors does not contribute to proprioception? Visual receptors Golgi tendon organs Muscle spindles Joint receptorsVisual receptorsWhich of the following is the term for a predisposition for anxiety during threatening situations? State anxiety Trait anxietyTrait anxietyWhich of the following attention theories states that tasks are attended to in serial order and the individual can only attend to one task at a time. Single-channel filter theory Multiple-resource theory Central-resource capacity theorySingle-channel filter theoryA basketball player shooting a free throw that is able to not attend to / ignore the stimuli from the crowd yelling at her in an attempt to distract her is utilizing which of the following? Moderate arousal level Selective attention Interference Central limited capacitySelective attentionWhich level of arousal results in the performer not focusing on task relevant stimuli? Low High ModerateHighYou are playing darts - with the goal of throwing the dart as accurately as possible at the target. You recall from the textbook that an external focus of attention seems to be advantageous in these situations. Provide an example of what you might focus on if you adopt an external focus of attention.If I have an external focus of attention then I would focus on the bulls-eye.At the start of a race the starting cues are often ready-set-go, with the ready-set helping the runner be forewarned that the start signal will happen soon. However, if you are like me when I was younger and racing against friends, I might say ready-set-stop instead of ready-set-go to watch them false start. Explain why the runner might false start when this happens.Stimulus-response incompatibilityThe rules or relationships that help the mover adapt the movement responses to the variations in the skill or to the different contexts the skill can be performed in is best termed. schema closed loop control invariant features parametersSchemaAn individual that is instructed to throw a heavy object for distance will not throw it like a lighter object. For example, a shot put is not thrown like a baseball. This is due to the relationship between the throwers capabilities and the action possibilities of the object and the task. That is, the object is too heavy to throw like a baseball. This relationship is best termed. information processing an affordance perception a parameterAn affordanceAn unexpected power outage causes a person to decrease his or her walking speed and walk with his or her arms extended. The unexpected power outage would be a(n) control parameter phase shift attractor state rate limiterRate limiterWhich of the following would change in order for running at two different running speeds to remain in the same generalized motor program? relative timing relative force sequence of actions overall durationOverall durationWhich of the following is true about closed-loop control systems? All of the answers are true Greater accuracy Slower process Adjustments to the movement can be made during the movementAll are trueWhich of the following is an indication that the mover is experiencing a phase shift? Less stable (more variable) movement pattern More stable (less variable) movement patternLess stable (more variable) movement patternWhen teaching a motor skill requiring temporal accuracy it is better to instruct the mover to which of the following? Increase the speed of the movement Decrease the speed of the movementIncrease the speed of the movementThe generalized motor program approach advocates for practicing under a variety of conditions especially with open skills. Why?because it develops a schema between the initial condition and the movement outcome response. the environment will change as well as the demands and using the generalized motor program it will help diversify the movement and make it more adaptable to the change in environment and demands.Explain what is meant by perception.Perception is how we sense things in the world. We recognize environmental stimuli and take action to respond to those stimuli through a perceptual process.In the early stages of skill acquisition, a learner develops the degrees of freedom releases the degrees of freedom increases the degrees of freedom freezes the degress of freedomFreezes the degrees of freedomDuring which of Fitts and Posner's learning stages is it most appropriate to use demonstrations, modeling, and verbal instructions? cognitive stage associative stage verbal stage autonomous stageCognitive stageIf an individual has incurred an injury or must make some adaptation due to declined results because of aging, he or she has entered which stage in the mountain of motor development? context-specific motor skills period skillfulness period preadapted period compensation periodCompensation periodDuring the "exploiting the environment" stage in Bernstein's model, the primary aim of the practitioner is to do which of the following? Design activities that encourage formation of coordinative structures Design activities that encourage the mover to get the ideas of the movement Design activities that encourage diversification of the movement Design activities that encourage fixation of the movementDesign activities that encourage diversification of the movementWhich of the following learning models does not take into account the impact of the environment? Bernstein's Gentiles All of the learning models consider the impact of the environment Fitts and Posner'sFitts and Posner'sWhat should the practitioner aim to do during Gentile's diversification stage? Vary the regulatory conditions Vary the non-regulatory conditions Vary both the regulatory and non-regulatory conditionsVary both the regulatory and non-regulatory conditionsWhich of the following is a similarity between the first stage of Fitts and Posner's learning stages and the first stage of Gentile's learning stages? The learner is able to attend to other environmental factors The learner is adapting the movement to the task demands The learner is attempting to understand the basic components or parts of the skill The learner is consistently performing the skill each trialThe learner is attempting to understand the basic components or parts of the skillExplain when an individual has progressed to the fundamental motor pattern period of the mountain of motor development?the individual has to have mastered the basic skills like independent walking and self-feeding.What is motor behavior?A field devoted to understanding how humans control their movements and learn movementsMotor controlthe neural, physical, and behavioral aspects of movementmotor performanceobservable actions that humans make when performing a task/ what we can see and measuremotor developmentConcerned with changes in motor performance that occur as people move through different phase of the lifespanMotor learningrelatively permanent gains in motor skill capability associated with practice or experienceClosed skillA skill performed in a predictable environmentOpen skilla skill performed in an environment that is unpredictable or in motion and that requires performers to adapt their movements in response to dynamic properties of the environmentSchema Theorydeveloping rules that shows relationships between movement outcomes and goals, conditions of the performance setting, and details of the motor program created to control movementdegree of freedom problem# of independent elements that must be constrained to produce coordinated motionperceptual motor integrationperception informs movement and movement informs perceptionSports skills (3)cognitive, perceptual, motorcognitive skillsRefers to the intellectual skills of the moverperceptual skillsthe ability to interpret and integrate sensory information to determine the best movement outcomeMovement taxonomies (3)Nonlocomotor stability Locomotor skills Manipulative skillsNonlocomotor stabilityAbility to maintain body position against forces of gravityLocomotor Skillsskills used to move around, such as walking, running, and climbingmanipulative skillsUse body parts to propel or receive an object, controlling objects primarily with the hands and feet. Bouncing/Dribbling, catching, kicking, rolling, striking, throwing, trapping.Reaction timetime between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of a motor response, indicates the speed at which one makes a decisionmovement timethe interval between the initiation of the movement and its completionresponse timereaction time + movement timepsychological refractory period (PRP)a delay period during which a person seems to put planned action "on hold" while executing a previously initiated actionstimulus-response compatibilitygreater the amount of association between stimulus and response, shorter the reaction timeMultiple Resource Theorywe have multiple processing resources capable of processing different types and amounts of informationecological perspective-actions determined by internal and external factors -movement is much more complex than a simple input-output relay of information from the brain to the other system -actions are determined by many factors (internal/external)Information-processing approachinformation into the brain; processing; interpretation; sending signalsdynamic systems theorymovement results from an interplay of the task, the environment, and the individualconstraint-individual: structural (body type, sex, etc), functional (psychological, cognitive) -environmental: physical (weather, temp, lighting), sociocultural (social and cultural norms -task (goals of the movement, rules, and equipment)theoretical constructs-information-processing approach -ecological perspective -dynamic systems theoryPhylogeny and Ontogeny-Evolutionary development of a species -the development of individuals over their life span