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Chapter 15: State Building & the Search for Order in the 17th Century
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Terms in this set (54)
witches
originally a part of traditional village culture; then became associated with the devil; old women susceptible to suspicion
Thirty Years War
the last of the religious wars; Habsburg emperors wanted to consolidate their authority; four major phases, Bohemian phase, Danish phase, Swedish phase, and Franco-Swedish phase; resulted in the Peace of Westphalia
Gustavus Adolphus
king of Sweden; brought Sweden into the Thirty Years War; devout Lutheran and military genius; swept imperial forces out of northern Germany; killed at the Battle of Lutzen
Peace of Westphalia
outcome of the Thirty Years War; ensure all German states were free to determine their own religion; France gained control of the Franco-German border; Austrian Habsburgs did not lose much land, but their authority as rulers diminished; the states of the HRE were recognized as virtually independent; made clear that religion and politics were separate
conscript standing armies
developed by Gustavus Adolphus; all rows of the infantry fired at once; cavalry charged the enemy;lighter artillery pieces
absolutism
a form of government in which the sovereign power or ultimate authority rested in the hands of a monarch who claimed to rule by divine right and was therefore responsible only to God
Bishop Jacques Bossuet
wrote "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture"; argued that government was divinely ordained and that kings' authority was absolute
divine-right
belief that monarchs receive their power directly from God and are responsible to no one except God
Cardinal Richelieu
Louis XIII's chief minister; initiated policies that strengthened the power of the monarchy; eliminated political and military rights of the Huguenots, but preserved their religious ones; developed a network of spies to uncover plots and conspiracies, eliminating a threat to royal authority; sent out intendants to the provinces to execute orders of the central government; caused French debt to spiral upward
Cardinal Mazarin
dominated the French government during Louis XIV's reign; Italian, greatly disliked by the French population; nobles wanted to overthrow him
the Fronde
revolt during Mazarin's rule; nobles of the robe led the first uprising, and ended with compromise; the second was led by nobles of the sword, who wanted to overthrow Mazarin to secure their position and increase their power
Louis XIV
best example of an absolute monarchy in the 17th century; created a grand spectacle at Versailles; centralized the efforts of the Cardinals
Edict of Fontainebleau
revoked the Edict of Nantes; provided for the destruction of the Huguenot churches and the closing of Protestant schools; caused many Huguenots to leave, many of whom were artisans, which weakened the French economy
Versailles
residence of the French king, reception hall for state affairs, office building for members of the king's government, home of royal officials and aristocratic courtiers; became a symbol for the French absolutist state and power of Louis XIV
Jean-Baptiste Colbert
controller general of finances for France; sought to increase the wealth and power of France through mercantilism; founded new luxury industries; encouraged private industry by granting privileges to those who established industries; raised tariffs on foreign manufactured goods; burden of taxes fell on the peasants
Louis XIV's wars
waged war to achieve prestige and military glory; invaded Spanish Netherlands, but the Triple Alliance forced him to sue for peace; invaded United Provinces, but his victories caused a coalition to form, forcing him to end the Dutch War; the War of the League of Augsburg, brought depression and famine to France; the War of the Spanish Succession, suspicion that France and Spain would unite, war ended with the Peace of Utrecht; the wars left France impoverished and surrounded by enemies
Peace of Utrecht
confirmed Philip V as the Spanish ruler; affirmed that the thrones of Spain and France were to remain separated; England received the most possessions
Brandenburg-Prussia
ruled by Hohenzollern dynasty; 3 disconnected masses in western, central, and eastern Germany
Frederick William the Great Elector
laid the groundwork for the Prussian state; built an efficient army;established the General War Commissariat to levy taxes for the army; gave nobles almost unlimited power over the peasants and high ranks in the army so they wouldn't challenge his authority; followed mercantilist policies
the Hohenzollerns
ruled over Brandenburg-Prussia; inherited some lands in the Rhine valley in western Germany and received the duchy of Prussia
Treaty of Karlowitz
Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia; established an Austrian Empire in southeastern Europe
the Romanovs
royal dynasty in Russia that began when the Zemsky Sobor, or national assembly, chose Michael Romanov as the new tsar
Russian serfdom
an abundance of land and a shortage of peasants made this desirable in Russia
the Orthodox Church
a schism in this church created unsettled conditions
Peter the Great
determined to westernize Russia; admired European technology; reorganized the army and created a navy; reorganized central government; create the Senate; divided Russia into eight provinces; instituted the Table of Ranks for non-nobles to be able to serve the state and join the nobility; adopted western mercantilist policies; dominated the Russian Orthodox Church; women benefited greatly from his rule
Saint Peterburg
Peter's window to the west; symbol that Russia was westernizing
Great Northern War
Peter attacked Sweden on his quest to establish a Russian trading port on the Baltic; ended with the Peace of Nystadt, which gave formal recognition to what Peter had already achieved
Vienna and the Ottoman Empire
challenged Leopold I who was trying to expand westward; laid siege to Vienna, but were defeated by a mixed army of Austrians, Poles, Bavarians, and Saxons
Poland's Sejm
the Polish diet; two-chamber assembly where landowners completely dominated the other members; monarchs had to agree to share power with the Sejm; had disastrous results for central monarchical authority; liberum veto, allowing meeting of the Sejm to be stopped by one member, led to chaos; Poland became a confederation of semi-independent estates
the house of Orange
occupied the stadholderate in most of the seven United Provinces; favored the development of a centralized government with themselves as hereditary monarchs
Amsterdam
replaced Antwerp as the financial and commercial capital of Europe; had many refugees causing a rapid growth which initiated an urban expansion plan; served as an important financial center
the Stuarts
line of rulers after the Tudor dynasty in England; King James VI of Scotland became James I of England; espoused the divine right of kings; supported by the Anglican Church
Puritans
Protestants in the Anglican Church inspired by Calvinist theology; wanted James to eliminate the episcopal system of church organization
English Civil War
Parliament proved victorious in the first phase, largely due to the New Model Army, composed mainly of extreme Puritans, called Independents; first phase ended with the capture of King Charles I; war ended with Charles beheaded; monarchy was destroyed
Oliver Cromwell
a leader of the Independents; destroyed the king and Parliament; became Lord Protector of the new government; divided the England into 11 regions
Levellers
radicals who advocated ideas of freedom of speech, religious toleration, and a democratic republic; called for annual Parliaments, women's equality, and government programs to care for the poor.
the Restoration
Charles II returned to England; monarchy was restored but Parliament kept much of the power it had won; Charles issued the Declaration of Indulgences, suspending the laws Parliament had passed against Catholics and Puritans
Test Act
passed by Parliament, specifying that only Anglicans could hold military and civil offices
James II
his accession virtually guaranteed a new constitutional crisis fro England; open and devout Catholic, and attempted to further Catholic interests; named Catholics to high positions; new Declaration of Indulgence suspended laws barring Catholics and Dissenters from office
Glorious Revolution
William of Orange invaded England and James II fled; the Convention Parliament declared the throne of England vacant and offered the throne to William and Mary; enacted the Bill of Rights
Bill of Rights
affirmed Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes; made it impossible for kings to oppose or do without Parliament; fashioned a system of government based on the rule of law; laid the foundation for a constitutional monarchy
Thomas Hobbes
lived during the English Civil War; associated with the state's claim to absolute authority; "Leviathan"; humans guided not by reason but by animalistic instincts and a struggle for self-preservation; power in the hands of a sovereign authority
John Locke
argued against the absolute rule of one man; "Two Treatises of Government"; humans once lived in a state of equality and freedom, and had natural rights; agreement with government to protect these rights; if the government broke this, the people could form a new government; his ideas supported demands for constitutional government
Mannerism
a sixteenth century artistic movement in Europe that deliberately broke down the High Renaissance principles of balance, harmony, and moderation; distorted the rules of proportion; created a sense of suffering and anxiety
El Greco
nickname of Domenikos Theotocopoulos; created a world of intense emotion
Baroque
an artistic movement of the seventeenth century in Europe that used dramatic effects to arouse the emotions and reflected the search for power that was a large part of the seventeenth century ethos; brought together the classical ideals of Renaissance art with the spiritual feelings of religious revival
Bernini
greatest figure of the Baroque; completed Saint Peter's Basilica; "Throne of Saint Peter," "Ecstasy of Saint Theresa"
Gentileschi
became the first woman elected to the Florentine Academy of Design; "Judith Beheading Holofernes"
French Classicism
committed to the classical values of the High Renaissance; emphasis on clarity, simplicity, balance, and harmony of design; reflected the shift from chaos to order in French society in the seventeenth century
Rembrandt van Rijn
Dutch painter; painted opulent portraits and grandiose scenes; many of his painting depicted scenes from biblical tales; a great Protestant painter of the seventeenth century
William Shakespeare
dramatist and writer; technical proficiency and insight into human psychology; understood the human condition
Lope de Vega
playwright; wrote his plays to please his audiences
Racine
writer, whose themes and plots were from Greek and Roman sources; "Phedre", closely followed the plot of the Greedy tragedy "Hippolytus"; focused on conflicts and revealed the tragic dimensions of life
Moliere
writer; benefited from the patronage of King Louis XIV; satirized the religious and social world of his time; "Tartuffe," he ridiculed religious hypocrisy
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