PCM testlet #1

The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and
a. veracity.
b. justice.
c. confidentiality.
d. paternalism.
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The main normative principles in health care are nonmaleficence, beneficence, autonomy and
a. veracity.
b. justice.
c. confidentiality.
d. paternalism.
b. justice
If a dentist intentionally charges an insurance company for procedures not performed it is an ethical dilemma, because an ethical dilemma occurs when one or more ethical principles are in conflict.
a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related.
b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related.
c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT.
d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.
d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct.
Principles, values, and rules in health care will help guide decision making in the process of providing the best dental health care for the patient. Weighing and balancing ethical principles are the major tasks involved in ethical decision making.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.
a. Both statements are true.
A ___________ is a general normative standard of conduct, holding that a particular decision or action is true or right or good for all people in all times and all places.
a. reference point
b. demonstration
c. principle
d. value
c. principle
A hygienist who is unfamiliar with placing dental sealants should
a. perform the procedure without informing the patient because he or she will learn best by doing it.
b. perform the procedure and inform the patient that he or she is a beginner.
c. defer placing sealants until achieving competency.
d. never perform the procedure again for the remainder of his or her career.
c. defer placing sealants until achieving competency.
Causing some degree of harm when that harm will lead to a greater good may be desirable as well as necessary according to the principle of double effect which is part of the principle of
a. nomaleficence.
b. beneficence.
c. autonomy.
d. justice.
a. nomaleficence.
Avoiding harm _______ always possible and promoting good _____ always possible in the practice of dental hygiene.
a. is; is
b. is; is not
c. is not; is
d. is not; is not
d. is not; is not
8. Both nonmaleficence and beneficence require the physician to do what will best benefit the patient, which is a _____________ approach.
a. male justice orientation
b. female ethic of care
c. consequentialist or utilitarian
d. nonconsequentialist or deontological
consequentialist or utilitarian
Which of the following principles gives rise to the concept of permitting individuals to make decisions about their own health?
a. Justice
b. Veracity
c. Autonomy
d. Beneficence
c. Autonomy
If the patient selects a treatment option that is consistent with accepted standards of care, the professional may ethically act on the patient's choice. The practitioner may also choose to not provide a service requested by the patient if that service is in conflict with the standards of patient care.
a. Both statements are true.
b. Both statements are false.
c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false.
d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.
a. Both statements are true.
The principle of __________ is concerned with providing individuals or groups with what is owed, due, or deserved. a. nonmaleficence b. beneficence c. autonomy d. justiced. justiceEvery society must address the problem of how its resources will be distributed, because every society has a scarcity of resources. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related.There _____ a legal mandate for dental care to be available to all persons in the United States, and the provision of dental care ________ applied equally. a. is; is b. is; is not c. is not; is d. is not; is notd. is not; is notWho was responsible for writing a political philosophy essay in the mid-1800s that is the basis for societal presumption that individuals are free to act as they see fit? a. Immanuel Kant b. John Stuart Mill c. Abraham Lincoln d. John Woodenb. John Stuart MillWhich of the following is the name given to the practice of withholding information from a patient because of a belief on the part of the clinician that the information may harm the individual? a. Res gestae b. Paternalism c. Benevolent deception d. Autonomy ANSWERSc. Benevolent deceptionA major purpose of a professional code of ethics is to bind the members of a group together by expressing their goals and aspirations, as well as define a. expected standards of behavior. b. criteria for licensure. c. continuing education requirements. d. appropriate fees for licensure.a. expected standards of behavior.Admissions committees aim to select candidates who are the best qualified academically as well as candidates of good character, because integrity and character are important criteria for acceptance. a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related. b. Both the statement and reason are correct but NOT related. c. The statement is correct, but the reason is NOT. d. The statement is NOT correct, but the reason is correct. e. NEITHER the statement NOR the reason is correct.a. Both that statement and reason are correct and related.Learning what is expected of a professional person reinforces ________ in the developing professional. a. deference to authority b. character traits c. group norms d. obligationb. character traitsAfter entering professional practice, it becomes the _________ of those professionals to help regulate their profession. a. obligation b. passion c. option d. possibilitya. obligationIt is reasonable to assume that the professions find codes of ethics and standards of professional behavior to be a. extremely valuable. b. somewhat important. c. of little value. d. of no value at all.a. extremely valuable.The first ethical code dates back to the time of Greek physician a. Plato. b. Aristotle. c. Hippocrates. d. Euripides.c. Hippocrates.Each of the following is true of codes of ethics EXCEPT one. Which one is the EXCEPTION? a. Codes of ethics are aspirational in nature. b. Codes of ethics typically are powerful ethical statements. c. Codes of ethics are legal mandates. d. State dental boards are sanctioning practitioners for legal violations as well as ethical violations.c. Codes of ethics are legal mandates.A code of ethics provides an enforceable standard of minimally decent conduct for those who fall below that standard. A code of ethics indicates in general terms some of the ethical considerations a professional must consider when deciding on conduct. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.a. Both statements are true.Some philosophers have noted that most codes of ethics stress the __________ of health care professionals rather than describe the __________ of those receiving health care services. a. obligations; obligations b. obligations; rights c. rights; obligations d. rights; rightsb. obligations; rightsThe first code of ethics for dental hygienists was created by a. Alfred Fones. b. The American Dental Association (ADA). c. The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA). d. The National Institutes of Health (NIH).c. The American Dental Hygienists' Association (ADHA).. The code of ethics for dental hygiene can be amended at any meeting of the ADHA House of Delegates by a __% vote of that group. a. 51 b. 66 c. 75 d. 90b. 66The _____ goals of the dental hygiene code of ethics are listed in the beginning of the code, and these capture the essence of why the code is important to dental hygienists and the public. a. two b. four c. six d. eightb. fourthe code of ethics that was first developed in ____ is more comprehensive than earlier versions and provides extensive guidance for the dental hygienist working in a variety of health care delivery settings. a. 1927 b. 1957 c. 1995 d. 2005c. 1995A code of ethics is a. a reference and a guide. b. a reference but not a guide. c. a guide but not a reference. d. neither a guide nor a reference.a. a reference and a guide.Basic beliefs and core values are part of which of the following sections of "The Dental Hygiene Code of Ethics"? a. Preamble b. Purpose c. Key concepts d. Fundamental principlesd. Fundamental principlesSome of the choices that the dental hygienist will face will be simple issues of right and wrong, whereas others may be ethical _________ that require careful decision making. a. conundrums b. dilemmas c. paradoxes d. decisionsb. dilemmasStudents need opportunities to develop the analytical skills needed to assess ethical dilemmas. Posing ethical dilemma cases when a panel of experts is available to help students analyze and arrive at possible solutions to the hypothetical dilemmas is a means of affording those opportunities. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.a. Both statements are true.In 1989, the American Dental Education Association (ADEA) established guidelines that stated curriculum should provide opportunities for refining skills of ______ so students are able to apply ethical principles to new and emerging problems in the profession. a. ethical awareness b. ethical analysis c. ethical dilemmas d. moral sensitivityb. ethical analysisAccording to Campbell and Rogers, moral uncertainty exists when a. obligations and responsibilities are in conflict. b. there is frustration from perceived powerlessness when what is happening appears to be wrong and you are unable to act ethically. c. there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists. d. moral responsibilities conflict with personal obligations.c. there is a question as to whether a moral obligation exists.Moral __________ occurs when moral responsibilities conflict with personal inclinations. a. weakness b. uncertainty c. dilemma d. distressd. distressWhich of the following is one of the "Four A's" to rise above moral distress? a. Acknowledge b. Above c. Abolish d. Assessd. AssessHow many steps are in the ethical decision-making model as interpreted by Atchison and Beemsterboer? a. Two b. Four c. Six d. Eightc. SixThe ethical decision-making model presented in the text is diagrammed as a _______. a. triangle b. square c. pentagon d. circled. circleThe most critical step in the ethical decision-making model is to a. state the options. b. implement the decision. c. identify the ethical dilemma or problem. d. apply the ethical principles to the options.c. identify the ethical dilemma or problem.Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of the first three steps of the decision-making model? a. Collect information, identify the ethical dilemma or problem, and state the options. b. Collect information, state the options, and identify the ethical dilemma or problem. c. Identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options. d. State the options, collect information, and identify the ethical dilemma or problem.c. Identify the ethical dilemma or problem, collect information, and state the options.Brainstorming to identify as many alternatives as possible is part of step __ of the six-step decision-making model. a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4c. 3The final step of the six-step decision-making model is to a. apply the ethical principles to the options. b. make the decision. c. implement the decision. d. identify the ethical dilemma or problem.c. implement the decision.Which of the following is one of the three most frequently encountered practice dilemmas according to a survey conducted by Gaston and colleagues in 1990? a. Failure to refer patients to a specialist b. Extraction of the wrong tooth c. Removal of existing silver amalgam restorations for health reasons d. Failure to inform patient of the treatment option of no treatmentc. Removal of existing silver amalgam restorations for health reasonsEthical issues concerned with employment are common in the dental office. Most dental hygienists are employees. a. Both statements are true. b. Both statements are false. c. The first statement is true, and the second statement is false. d. The first statement is false, and the second statement is true.a. Both statements are true._________ involves situations in which excessive services or services that are unnecessary for a particular case are provided. a. Substandard care b. Overtreatment c. Scope of practice d. Fraudb. Overtreatment