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APUSH TEST 5

Terms in this set (52)

The Battle of Little Bighorn
fought on June 25, 1876, near the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, pitted federal troops led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer (1839-76) against a band of Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne warriors. The tensions have been growing between the groups since the discovery of gold on Native American lands. When a number of these tribes missed a federal deadline to move reservations, the U.S. Army including Custer and his 7th calvary, was dispatched to confront them. Custer was unaware of the number of indians fighting under the command of Sitting Bull at Little Bighorn, and his forces were outnumbered and quickly overwhelmed in what became known as Custer's Last Stand. In 1875, after gold was discovered in South Dakota's Black Hills, the U.S. Army ignored previous treaty agreements and invaded the region. This betrayal led many Sioux and. Cheyenne tribesmen to leave their reservations and join Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse in Montana. By late spring of 1876, more than 10,000 Native Americans had gathered in a camp along the Little Bighorn River. Which they called Greasy Grass in defense of a U.S. war department order to return to their reservations or risk being attacked.
The Reservation System
The system that allotted land with designated boundaries to Native American tribes in the west, beginning in the 1850s and ending with the Dawes Severalty Act of 1887. Within these reservations, most land was used communally, rather than owned individually. The U.S. government encouraged and sometimes violently coerced Native Americans to stay on the reservations at all times.
Sitting Bull
Leader of Dakota Sioux Indians; defeated Custer at Little Bighorn. He led his people against the United States policies. He was killed by Indian agency police on a reservation, during the attempt to support the Ghost Dance Movement.
Nez Perce
A peaceful tribe that was small and led by Chief Joseph. They were able to live in Oregon until the 1870's without disturbance, then they had to move to a reservation. On their way several young Indians, drunk and angry, killed 4 white settlers.
Homestead Act
_______ was signed by President Lincoln in 1862. This act was intended to develop the American West and spur American economic growth. This act specifically provided 160 acres of federal land to anyone who agreed to farm that land and live on the land for five years. This act singlehandedly distributed millions of acres of western land to individual settlers. This act caused a huge migration of immigrants to the Midwest, but most failed to improve the land, and they were evicted from their house and land.
Treaty of Fort Laramie
in 1851 one of the most important treaties was signed at Fort Laramie in present day Wyoming. The treat council was attended by thousands of Indians from several different tribes of the Northern Great Plains. The treaty defined boundaries between Indian tribes of the Northern Great Plains. The tribes that signed the treaty agreed to: 1- allow travelers, railroad surveyors, and construction workers to enter tribal lands safely. 2- allow the government to establish posts and roads. 3- pay for any wrong doing of their people. 4- select head chiefs to deal with U.S. government agents. 5- cease fighting with other tribes. The U.S. had to 1- protect Indians from U.S. citizens . 2- deliver annuities if the terms of the treaty were upheld. The treaty of 1851 had several problems: 1- there was not enough interpreters to be sure the tribes understood the English treaty. 2- the government was used to making decisions through elected representatives.
Sodbusters
After the Homestead Act was signed in 1862 by President Lincoln, ______ were the people who came to live on the allotted federal land of 160 acres for five years. They were tasked with "breaking the sod" by farming, but because of the poor farming land, sodbusters were often evicted from the land they received. The overuse of farmland, droughts, and wind erosion were a few problems the sodbusters experiences while farming.
Open Range
America's _________ started with the Civil war in the 1860's, and it was the free grazing of cattle on millions of acres of unfenced public land. Open range states allowed livestock to roam in certain remote parts of the state while requiring other landowners to fence off their land if they wish to keep livestock off their property. Livestock owners are not required to fence in their livestock to prevent them from roaming at large in an open range state.
Exodusters
_________ were African Americans who fled North Carolina because of the economic and political grievances after the Reconstruction era. In the 1870's, many black North Carolinians migrated to Kansas and other Western states. This was known as the Exodus of 1879 when the first mass migration of African Americans migrated from the South after the war. These migrants became known as _______ which was a name inspired by the biblical Exodus of Moses leading Hebrews from slavery in Egypt to the Promised Land.
John Deere
________ was born in 1804 in Rutland, Vermont, and he was a blacksmith who successfully developed the first self-scouring steel plow in 1837. His plow made farming easier because it could cut through heavy soil without having the soil constantly adhere to the plow. That same year, he founded his Company which bears the name "John Deere" and produces agricultural machinery. He was educated in the public school system, and by age 17, he became a blacksmith's apprentice and set up his own trade four years later.
Dawes Severalty Act
The _________ was an 1887 law terminating tribal ownership of land and allotting some parcels of land to individual Indians with the remainder opened for white settlement. This act was signed by President Grover Cleveland, and it forced homesteads into the hands of individual Indians with the promise of future citizenship. The overarching goal was to assimilate Native Americans into white culture as quickly as possible.
Helen Hunt Jackson
________ was born in Amherst, Massachusetts, and she was a poet, author, and activist in the 19th century. Jackson is most famous for spurring progress toward recompense for the mistreatment of the Native Americans by the US Government. She wrote many famous works like A Century of Dishonor (1881) and Ramona (1884) to advocate for better treatment towards Native Americans, and she wrote under the pen name, "H. H."
social darwinism
(late 1800s) came from Charles Darwin (british naturalist), the idea that individuals and groups of people are subjected to the same Darwinian laws of natural selection as plants and animals. It explained and justified why some Americans grew rich while others remain poor. Allowed political, social, and scientific leaders to dismiss those who sought to redistribute wealth and power by claiming that reformers were violating the natural hierarchy.
Gospel of Wealth
90% of the business workers were Protestant, with the majority attending church services. They attributed their personal achievements to hard work and perseverance. That led to the thesis that hardwork and perseverance led to wealth, implying that poverty is a character flaw. This justified the ruthless behavior of how some people got wealthy. (using shady deals and conspiracies)
The Octopus
Political cartoon published in Puck in 1904, it showed the grip that the Standard Oil had on the government and industry. In response to this cartoon, the Supreme court ordered the company to break apart. The standard oil company was owned by John D. Rockefeller, at his height he owned 90% of the oil-refining industry.
Knights of Labor
Labor unions founded in Philadelphia 1869, by garment cutters. It eventually became the largest labor organization in the 19th century. It included unskilled and skilled workers, irrespective of race or gender, and immigrants. They campanied for an 8-hour work day, the abolition of child labor, improved safety in factories, equal pay for men and women, and compensation for on-the-job injuries. The riots and protest moved workers to the union movement. On May 4, 1886 during a protest, many policemen and people apart of the union were killed at Haymarket Square. This was the end of the Knights of Labor.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
(1886) the Afl accepted the wage system. They focused on winning economic benefits for its members through collective bargaining. Some things they bargained for include: higher wages, shorters hours, and better working conditions. Samuel Gompers was its president. He didn't allow unskilled workers, racial minorities, or immigrants in the the AFL, so it was mostly made up of skilled craft unions. This movement led to efforts to stop child labor, health benefits, and aid to workers who were injured or retired.
bread and butter union
also known as the AFL, the issue of wages, benefits, hours, and working conditions. It shifted the focus from the social issue to the issues stated above. Was founded by Gompers.
yellow dog contracts
Because so many people were joining unions, the yellow dog contract were born. They stated that as a condition for employment, the employees had to sign a contract saying they could not join a labor union.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People(NAACP)
Interracial organization co-founded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1910 dedicated to restoring African American political and social rights. The disfranchisement of the black voters in the south severely curtailed African American political influence. The NAACP then led to the National Association of Colored Women Clubs, which had over 50,000 members in 1,000 clubs nationwide.
Booker T. Washington's Atlanta Compromise
Washington spoke at the Cotton states and International exposition before a predominantly white audience. Although the organizers felt that the public sentiment wasn't prepared for such an advanced step; however, they felt that inviting a black speaker would impress the north. Washington's speech consisted of accommodationist strategy of achieving racial equality, primarily through vocational training for African Americans. His "Atlanta Compromise Address", was one of the most important and influential speeches in American History.
WEB Du Bois Talented Tenth
It was a concept espoused by black educator and author W.E.B. Du Bois emphasizing the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of Black Americans. It argued that the focus should based around that 10 percent getting classical education.
Social Gospel
A reform movement led by Protestant ministers who used religious doctrine to demand better housing and living conditions for the urban poor. Popular at the turn of the twentieth century, it was closely linked to the settlement house movement, which brought middle-class, Anglo-American service volunteers into contact with immigrants and working people.
Omaha Platform
Was a Populist Party platform for the 1892 election (running for president-James Weaver, vice president-James Field) in which they called for free coinage of silver and paper money; national income tax; direct election of senators; regulation of railroads; and other government reforms to help farmers.
William Jennings Bryan
He was a politician who was a dominant force in the liberal wing of the Democratic Party. He did not support the Gold Standard, railroads, or banks. Supporter of populist Dem. He also promoted Free Silver, anti-imperialism, and trust-busting. He was a 41st Secretary of State under Pres. Woodrow Wilson and a populist leader. He prosecuted John Scopes for teaching evolution in a Tennessee school.
Progressive amendments
They included the imposition of an income tax with the Sixteenth Amendment, direct election of Senators with the Seventeenth Amendment, Prohibition with the Eighteenth Amendment, and women's suffrage through the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
Cross of Gold Speech
Delivered by William Jennings Bryan on July 8, 1896, this is quite possibly the most famous speech in American Political History. In his oratory he detailed the constitutionality of income taxes and the importance of the free silver policy. As the Democratic Party presidential nominee he expressed his belief in "free silver" as the solution to the country's economic problems, and how the gold standard only benefited New- England businessmen while harming the farmers. As he concluded his speech he spread his arms to imitate Christ and attacked the gold standard by comparing the Republicans view of gold as a crown of thorns.
16 to 1 Ratio
In 1837 the government set a precedent that 16 ounces of silver was equal to 1 ounce of gold. In the 1860's as silver outpaced its previous value miners and farmers began to sell their silver to independent jewelers for a higher value, in response the Grant administration set gold as the only standard for the American dollar. After a large amount of silver was discovered the government was pressured to buy a minimum amount of silver from mines in 1788, but gold was still the sole standard. In 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act was made by Grover Cleveland as a compromise with farmers who believed that the ___ ___ was best, but quickly led to a depression. In 1893 the Democratic party was mainly ruled by "free silver" believers who wanted to return to the ______ because it was believed to be a lever for inflation, easier repayment of debts, and rapid growth of the economy as American currency was based on gold and silver in this plan. The gold standard was supported by the Republican party which held a majority and congress, so the ___ although a political issue was never reinstated.
Nativism
As reconstruction ended White Supremacy began taking its hold on the South and southerners began favoring the interest and culture of Native born Americans to 'immigrants'. These feelings led to many influential acts such as the Jim Crow Laws and the Chinese exclusion act of 1882. Samuel Gompers, leader of the AFL, was one such nativist who supported the first act to restrict immigration based on race or nationality: The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882. Jim Crow (Named after the minstrel artist) came in full swing after Plessy V. Ferguson (1896) when the supreme court ruled in favor of separate but equal (segregation). In Cumming V. Richmond County Board of Education the supreme court ruled that separate schools for Blacks and Whites was acceptable. Governments also started implementing restrictions such as the requirement of $300-$500 in property, literacy test, grandfather clauses, and poll taxes. Racial violence quickly became common as White Supremacist began lynching Black Men who became wealthy or politically powerful. This caused only 5% of blacks to vote throughout the south.
Boom Towns
a term to call mining camps that grew rapidly in size to become cities overnight. They were called boom towns because they "boomed" in size and population. They usually grew in size after a mineral strike was discovered around the camp and people flocked to the area to reap the benefits. They were also called boom towns because their popularity was often short-lived after the majority of their minerals were gone, or the price of the minerals dropped.
Comstock Lode
a rich deposit of silver in Nevada, named after Henry Comstock who was part-owner of the property which was discovered June 1859. Virginia city, Washoe, and other mining "boom towns" quickly arose in the vicinity and in 10 years the lode's output justified establishment of U.S. branch "Mint" at Carson City. In the meantime, republican leaders eager to add another loyal state to the union used a probability that the lode would attract additional thousands to justify the admission of Nevada as a state in 1864. In the peak years of 1876-1878, silver ore worth about $36,000,000 was extracted annually. Production declined sharply after and the rich lower levels of the lode were flooded in 1882. Virginia city and other mining towns disappeared or became tourist attractions.
Poll Taxes
A Jim Crow tax on voters that required payment to vote. Politicians claimed the tax was created to increase state revenue. In truth it was created to prevent many poor black and white Americans from being able to vote in America. In 1898 the Supreme Court ruled that _____ were a proper way of restricting voters. On January 23, 1964 the 24th amendment banned this style of tax.
Literacy Test
In 1898 the Supreme Court ruled that _____ were a proper way of restricting voters. This Jim Crow Law was installed to prevent people with too low of a literacy rate (Black and poor white Americans) from voting. These tests were often issued and graded at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration, so even if a black person passed the test they could be graded incorrectly. In 1970 literacy tests were banned throughout the entire country.
Grandfather Clauses
Invented in Louisiana, they were Jim Crow laws that allowed people who could prove that their ancestors had been able to vote before 1866 to be exempt from tax, educational, and property requirements to vote.This offered a loophole for White Americans to bypass many of the roadblocks put in front of blacks. It was deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1915.
Company Town
Towns built around a central industrial factory that mainly hired immigrants and had complete control on the political institutions of the area. Usually the secluded towns only had stores owned by the factory and sold their goods at exorbitant prices. The modern machinery and the abundance of non english speakers led to a high injury and mortality rate of 25% of all new workers. Women usually stayed home to do housework, raise crops, and raise livestock; as to avoid company stores. The change from the old-world to the new factory setting was very difficult for immigrants as they were accustomed to more freedom when it came to work hours and holidays. The factories owned everything from the mines to the churches and as such they were very aggressive to those who tried to avoid their claims. When the miners of the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company went on strike and began living in tents they hired a private mine guards and began armed combat with the miners and lit fire to the camps, killing 14.
IWW
"Industrial Workers of the World" or Wobblies. Radical Union aimed to unite the American working class into one union to promote labor's interest. Worked to organize unskilled and foreign-born laborers, advocated social revolution and led several major strikes. This stressed solidarity
Margaret Sanger
American leader of movement to legalize Birth control in the early 1900's. She was a nurse in the poor areas in New York City and had seen the unwanted pregnancies and how the mothers were suffering. She founded the first birth control clinic in U.S. and What is now known as Planned Parenthood.
Niagara Movement
Protested legal segregation. African- American group organized in 1905 to promote racial integration, civil and political rights. Also, equal access to economic opportunity. It failed to generate much change. In 1909 many of the members went to a conference and there were several whites who were sympathetic to the idea of challenging Washington's philosophy.
Pullman Strike
(1894) this is a strike by railroad workers who were upset by major wage cuts. IT was led by socialist Eugene Debs however it was not supported by the American federation of labor. President Grover Cleveland intervened and federal troops forced the strike to an end.
Homestead Strike
-(1892) this was a violent strike at the Homestead works in Pittsburg over a lock out which was followed by a decision to cut wages by 20% and ended with deconstruction of the Amalgamated Association of iron and Steel Workers. Henry Frick Became president and wanted to cut costs. 10 workers were killed and this destroyed the Union.
Haymarket Riot
Took place on May 4th in 1886. Chicago's Haymarket Square there was a protest of the slayings of two workers during a strike that turned violent after a bomb killed 7 policemen. The incident was blamed on labor radicalism because the bomb thrower was never found. This resulted in public condemnation to the demise of Knights of Labor.
Standard Oil
An American oil-producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company established in 1870 by John D, Rockefeller and Henry Flagler in Ohio. It was the largest oil refiner in the world, and it controlled almost all oil production in the U.S.. It was a monopoly, and the first great industrial monopoly in the world. It used horizontal integration, and it was based on Social Darwinism.
Vertical Integration
The combination of numerous production functions, from mining to marketing, under the direction of one firm. It controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production. This method was created by Andrew Carnegie in his steel business, and it was based on the Gospel of Wealth.
Horizontal Integration
It entailed gaining control of the market, and it was a business strategy in which one company acquires or merges with another that operates at the same level in an industry. This method was created by Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company.
Monopoly
Large companies that controlled the industry or sector they were in with the ability to control the price of goods and services they provided. ex: Standard Oil Company (was the 1st)
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
It was created to stop monopolies and encourage competition. It was the first Federal act that outlawed monopolistic business practices. It is named after Senator John Sherman, its principal author.
Ghost Dance
A spiritual movement that arose among western American Indians. It began among the Paiute in 1869 with a series of visions of an elder, Wodziwob. These visions foresaw renewal of the Earth and help for the Paiute peoples as promised by their ancestors. This happened after the Dawes Severalty Act.
ICC
(Interstate Commerce Commission) The Nation's first independent regulatory agency was created in1887 to bring order to the growing patchwork of state laws concerning railroads. This agency expanded Federal Power by examining public testimony, company records, and enforcing the law. This set a precedent for future regulation of trade. As well it established that the Federal Government could interfere in private enterprise and gave the Federal more power than State governments.
Grange
Grange- (a word for farm) a group of farmers called the national grange of the order of patrons of husbandry; involved the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages; the grange represents a time when Americans were exploring new social, political, and economic options; granger laws were a series of laws passed in many midwestern states (Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois) in the 1860s and 1870s; their main goal was to regulate rising warfare prices of railroad and grain elevator companies after the civil war
Populist Party
aka people's party; emerged when the Farmer's Alliance me in the early 1890s; they gained supports from farmers who wanted to fight political unfairness; they sought to represent the interest of farmers and laborers in politics; they cooperated with local the republicans by sponsoring the "pepper and salt" state and wanted to put whites and blacks on a single slate; won a string of local election victories in 1892
NAWSA
American Women's Suffrage Association; American women's rights organization formed in May 1890; largest and most important suffrage organization in the US and was the primary promoter of women's right to vote; founded by Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Carrie Chapman Catt, and Lucy Stone
WCTU
Women's Christian Temperance Union; religious women's organization founded by Frances Willard and others in 1874 in ohio; apposed alcohol consumption since men would often come home drunk and beat their families; influential to the temperance movement and supported the 18th amendment
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