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Terms in this set (12)

designate the following ecological factors as biotic or abiotic: rainfall, plankton concentration, temperature, species population, dissolved oxygen.
biotic is living, abiotic is nonliving.
rainfall, temperature and dissolved oxygen are abiotic.
species population and plankton concentration are biotic.
when studying populations, scientists often discuss the reproduction rate necessary for a population to remain unchanged. for example, in order for the human population to remain unchanged year to year, each woman on the planet must have an average of 2.0-2.2 children. postulate why this average would result in a constant human population.
the woman must have enough children to replace her and their father when they die, and a fraction of the women and men who didn't have babies.
an aquarium owner decides to get rid of his aquarium and releases a few non-native sea urchins into the ocean nearby. many years later, a scientist studying that area notices that the population of native sea urchins has drastically decreased. assuming there have been no other significant changes to the area, what may have occurred? was this most likely due to the intraspecific or interspecific competition?
the aquarium urchins were probably more successful at surviving in their new habitat. this is called interspecific competition.
a certain area of beach has been known for encounters between sharks and humans. some people suggest killing off the shark population to prevent any future encounters. if they do this, what might be some other results of this action?
the shark's prey would experience a growth if their predators (sharks) were taken away.
barnacles can be found growing on many surfaces in marine ecosystems. they even grow on other organisms, such as scallops and crabs. suppose marine biologists do a long-term study of a marine ecosystem. at first, there are few if any barnacles attached to the crabs. however, over a period of several years, the population of barnacles slowly increases, and as time goes on, more and more start attaching themselves to the crabs. over this whole time, the population of crabs stays the same. only the barnacle population increases. would the relationship between the crabs and barnacles most likely be an example of parasitism, commensalism, or mutualism?
commensalism.
name the trophic levels in the following food chain: phytoplankton are eaten by krill, which are eaten by a baleen whale.
the phytoplankton are the producer level,
the krill are the primary consumers, and
the baleen whales are the secondary consumers.
name the trophic levels in the following food chain: macroalgae are eaten by a wrasse fish. which are eaten by a grouper. which are eaten by a shark. by the time this energy has traveled through this chain, has more or less energy been lost in this scenario than the energy loss at the top of the food chain in the previous question?
the macroalgae are in the producer level,
the wrass is the primary consumer,
the grouper is the secondary consumer,
and the shark is the tertiary consumer.
the energy loss is greater here because theres one more level to lose energy (80-90%)
a scientist measures the phytoplankton concentrations in 2 ecosystems. one has a much higher concentrations of phytoplankton than the other. does this mean it has a higher productivity as well?
no not necessarily. it would depend on the amount of measured primal productivity in each area.
two ecosystems are being compares in a light and dark bottle experiment. at the end of the experiment in the first area, the light bottle at a depth of 10 meters had 5.1 milligrams of oxygen in it, while the dark bottle had 2.2 milligrams of oxygen in it. at the end of the experiment in the second area, the light bottle at a depth of 10 meters had 4.5 milligrams of oxygen in it, while the dark bottle ad 1.1 milligrams of oxygen in it. which area has the higher net productivity?
to estimate net productivity, subtract the oxygen level in the dark bottle from that in the light bottle. using this formula, the second area has a higher net productivity
what is the one important difference between the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle?
in the nitrogen cycle, naturally occurring nitrogen gas is not in a usable form for most organisms. therefore, it must be fixed by bacteria or cyanobacteria before it can enter the cycle. in the carbon cycle, many organisms can directly utilize naturally occurring CO2 gas to fix the carbon.
for the following organisms, determine whether they spend most of their time in the intertidal zone, the inner shelf, the outer shelf and bathyal zone, or the abyssal zone:
1. deep water (deeper than 150 meters) sharks like the megamouth shark
2. birds that forage the shore for food
3. sponges that harbor photosynthetic algae
4. autotrophic bacteria that do not use photosynthesis but use chemicals found in sediments
1. since the photic zone generally isn't below 100 meters, deep water sharks live in outer shelf and bathyal zone.
2. birds like this would live in the intertidal zone, because the food there would be richest, bringing food with the tides.
3. sponges need to be covered in water all the time, but since its photosynthetic, they have to be in the photic zone, so it must live in the inner shelf.
4. if bacterium is autotrophic, it makes its own food, but it doesn't do photosynthesis, so it doesn't need light. so it probably lives in the aphotic zone. since they use chemicals found in sediments, it probably lives on the seafloor. the seafloor of the aphotic zone is the abyssal zone.
classify the following organisms as either benthic or pelagic: sea urchin, yellowjack fish, porpoise, coral, diatom, stingray, jellyfish. of the pelagic organisms, which are members of the plankton, and which are members of the nekton?
benthic organisms live on the seafloor while pelagic organisms live in the water column. nektonic creatures can swim, while planktonic creatures float. the benthic organisms are sea urchins, coral, and stingray. the pelagic organisms are yellowjack fish and porpoise (both nekton): diatom and jellyfish (both plankton)
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